Foreign encyclopedia - all languages in English

2007-07-03T15:37:00.072+03:00

VURUNSEMU, in hettskoj mythologies htonicheskoe the godhood, the marital partner of the god of a thunder-storm.

VUSTEJNE (Woestijne) the Karelian van de (1878-1929), the Belgian writer. Wrote in the Netherlands tongue. It is close to symbolists. In the basis{fundamentals} of many scenes - arcaded legends and natural life of the poet. The poetic trilogy " the Person is built from clay " (1920), " the God on the pest " (1926) and " Mountain lake " (1928).

WORCESTER (Worcester), city on north-east the USA, pieces. Massachusetts. 169,8 thousand inhabitants (1990), with suburbs over 400 thousand inhabitants. Metal working and a machine industry, a glass industry. 2 universities. Publishing.

VUTTIG (Wuttig) Iogann Fridrih Christians (1783-1850), the Russian chemist - technologist and the pharmacist, corresponding member Petersburg AN (1810). By origin the German. Has constructed in 1805 first factory in Russia on manufacture of sulfuric acid (of sulfur in selfcontained lead chambers). In 1811 has placed{installed} the fact of metamorphosis{transformation} of starch in sweeteners under action of inorganic acids. In 1812 has returned to Germany.

VUCHETICH Eugeny Viktorovich (1908-74), the Russian sculptor, the national artist of the USSR (1959), the full member AH the USSR (1953), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1967). In geroiko-symbolical (monument - band to soldiers of the Soviet Army in Treptov-park in Berlin, 1946-49), sometimes hypertrophied - monumental (monument - band on Mamayev a tumulus in Volgograd, 1963-67, the Lenin premium, 1970, - with co-authors) modes{images} aspired{tried} to reflect exploit of Soviet people in Great Domestic war, extirpation for the world (" we Shall reforge swords on shouted ", 1957). Portraits ("I.D.Chernjahovsky", 1945). The state premium of the USSR (1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950).

VUE (Vouet) Simon (1590-1649), the French painter. It is more 10 flying has conducted in Italy; having returned home, has headed court school. In creativity Vue, bridged color oof of venetians, classical composition Pussena, decorative effect and dynamism of baroque painting, the French version klassitsizirovannogo Baroque was formed.

VHUTEIN, the Maximum artistic - technical institute, in 1922-30 educational institutions in Leningrad (it is based in 1922 on the basis AH) and Moscow (is based in 1926 on the basis Vhutemasa).

VHUTEMAS, the Maximum artistic - technical workshops, the Moscow educational institution, it is based in 1920. Had art and industrial faculties; prepared basically artists - stankovistov and architects, has created a fundamentals of preparation of artists - designers. In 1926 Vhutemas it is transformed{reformed} in Vhutein.

VTS, see. Computer center.

VTSIK, see the All-Russia Central Executive committee.

" YESTERDAY AND TODAY ", the Russian literary collection constituted by V.A.Sollogubom; left in Petersburg in 1845-46 (kn. 1-2). V.F.Odoevsky, A.K.Tolstogo, I.S.Turgeneva, N.M.Jazykova, M.J.Lermontov products{creations} were typed, etc.

VCHK, see the All-Russia Extraordinary Commission.

VSHI, order blood-sucking vtorichnobeskrylyh hexapods. Ok. 300 kinds{views}. Parasites of the person and mammals. On the person parasitize head vosh, length up to 4 mm, platjanaja vosh, length up to 4,7 mm, and also a crab louse, or pubic vosh, length up to 1,5 mm. Can minister carriers of contagions (a sapropyra, a typhinia, etc.). Vshi animal per capita do not pass.

VSHCHIZH, old russian city of 11-13 centuries, on r. Desna, for the modern seconds. ZHukovskoe (the Russian Federation, Bryansk region). Residues of defensive and inhabited constructions, numerous subjects of a household activities.

The VYBORG PARTY, historical area of Saint Petersburg, in a north-east part of city, on the right to coast of Neva. The title on a road to Vyborg. Many large factories, the Finnish passenger depot.

SELECTIVE SUPERVISION{OBSERVATION}, statistical study of a part of the set{combination} (sampling) organized so that was ensured its{her} correspondence to properties of set{combination} general. A selective way receive a part of cramps at population censuses.

ELECTORS, in some states the faces directly voting at indirect samplings for the candidate for the position of the president (napr., in the USA), in deputies of parliament, etc.

WEATHERING, process of destruction and chemical change of rocks in conditions of a surface or near to it{her} under influence of temperature variations, chemical and mechanic atmospheric exposure, water and organisms. Distinguish physical (mechanic), chemical and organic (under influence of vital activity of organisms) a weathering.

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GAGARIN (up to 1974 settlements. Erzhar), city in Uzbekistan, Dzhizak region. Depot (Irdzharskaja). 18,8 thousand inhabitants (1991). Factories: hlopkoochistitelnyj, concrete products. It is called named J.A.Gagarina.

GAGARIN Ivan Sergeevich (1814-82), prince, the Russian diplomat. In 1843 has kept Russia, has lodged in Paris, has transfered in a catholicism and has entered order of jesuits. Has based in Paris the Slavonic library (nowadays - in Medone).

GAGARIN Paul Pavlovich (1789-1872), prince, the Russian statesman. The participant of preparation of country reform 1861, settled interests of landlords. In 1864-72 chairman of the cabinet council, in 1864-65 simultaneously the chairman of the Council of state.

GAGARIN Jury Alekseevich (1934-68), the Russian astronaut, a pilot - astronaut of the USSR (1961), the colonel, the Hero of Soviet Union (1961.) on April, 12 1961 for the first time in a history of mankind has committed flight in cosmos on spacecraft " Orient ". Participat in education{learning} and training of crews of astronauts. Has perished during practice flight on an airplane. A name of Gagarin educational institutions have, streets and the areas of many cities of the world, etc. The Name of Gagarin calls a crater on a underside of moon.

GAGARINSKAJA PARKING, epoch of a serotinal{late} paleolith, for a seconds. Gagarino (the Russian Federation, Lipetsk region). Residues of home units, stone and bone instruments, bone figures of women.

GAGARINSKY Jury Vladimirovich (1915-76), the chemist - neorganik, corresponding member AN the USSR (1970). Probeed crystalline structure of inorganic compounds and thermodynamic properties of connections of uranium.

GAGATE (from grech. gagates - a black amber), a viscous version of mineral coal. Hardness 3-3,5; firmness of 1,3-1,4 g / sm3. Meets by the way clumps in layers of coal. It is well glazed{polished}. An ornamental stone.

GAGAUZSKY TONGUE, falls into to Turkic tongues (oguzskaja group). Writing on the basis of the Russian alphabet.

GAGAUZY, people in Moldova (153 thousand person) and on Ukraine (32 thousand person, 1992); live also in the Russian Federation (ok. 10 thousand person), Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and Turkey. An aggregate number of 220 thousand person (1992). Tongue gagauzsky. Believers - orthodox.

EIDERS, a stem of birds of a set utinyh. 4 kinds{views}. Length of a dace eider ok. 63 see. In a north of Eurasia and America, on a shore and islands. The down is thought much. Habitats - on Barentsovom, White and Baltic m., are guarded in special reservations; the hunt is forbidden.

GAGY Nikopolsky (Armenian) (mind{wit}. ok. 319), one of a magpie of five Christian martyrs damaged in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of emperor Litsinija. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on July, 10 (23).

GAGIK I (? - 1020), tsar Anijskogo of a kingdom (990-1020). Has aggregated the Armenian ground. Pursued{adopted} a policy a centralization of country; at a nem capital Ani - large trading? The craft and cultural centre.

GAGRA, city (with 1933) in Georgia, Abkhazia, a port on Black m. A depot. 26,9 thousand inhabitants (1991). A bayshore climatic and balneal health resort. A food-processing industry.

GADAMER (Gadamer) Hans George (r. 1900), the german philosopher, one of main representatives of philosophy of hermeneutics of midpoint of 20 century (" True and a method ", 1960). Transactionses on a history of philosophy, an aesthetics and philosophy of a history.

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GAVELLA (Gavella) Branko (1885-1962), the Yugoslavian producer. Worked at theatres of Belgrade, Ljubljana, Prague. Asserted{approved} on the scene national dramatic art.

GAVERSOVY CHANNELS (named English anatomist K.Gaversa, C. Havers), tubular cavities in compact substance of bones for the maximum vertebrates and the person on whom pass blood vessels and nerves.

GAVIAL (gangsky gavial), kowtowing order of crocodiles. A unique kind{view} of a set. Length up to 6,6 m. A mug the lengthy, fine-bored. Dwells{lives} in the rivers of Hindustan and Indochina. Under threat peterings. In India and Nepal designs on his{its} conservation are adopted. In the Red Data Book of the International union of nature protection and natural resources (MSOP).

GAVIT (zhamatun), in the Armenian medieval architecture the frame ledge of a temple - a tomb, a place for a pray and collections, routinely a hall overlapped{blocked} by the canopy on arcs.

The GAVLICHEK-BOHR Karelian (1821-56), the Czech political figure, the publicist, the poet; has formulated (1846-48) philosophy avstroslavizma.

GAVOTTE (frants. gavotte), arcaded French dance, originally national, horovodnyj, the dicotyledonous dimension. In kompozitorskoj to practice - the do-it-yourself play or a part of a suite.

HAVRE (Le Havre), city in France, a fore bay of Paris in a mouth r. Hay (freight turnover over 50 million t annually). 196 thousand inhabitants (1990). Shipbuilding, oil refining, chemical, cement, cotton industry. Oceanographic institute. It is based in 1517. Architectonic monuments of 17-18 centuries Bliz of Le Havre in church (11-14 centuries)-a museum of a medieval sculpture and archeology.

GAVRANEK Boguslav (1893-1978), Czech jazykoved. Activities on the Czech tongue, comparative grammar and comparative-historical study of literary slavonic tongues. Developed functionly - strukturalnuju the theory. The representative Prague linguistic a mug.

GABRIEL, in christianity the archangel, has informed{notified} maiden Maria about a volume, that for it{her} the son Jesus Christ will be born.

GABRIEL (in the world Vasily Nikolaevich Voskresensky) (1795-1868), the Russian orthodox seminary student, the outlet box. Taught in the Moscow and St.-Petersburg spiritual academies, in 1835-50 professor of the Kazan university. The writer of " the History of philosophy " (1839-40), 6-n which part is dedicated Russian philosophy.

"GABRIEL", a destroyer of Baltic fleet, in formation with 1916. In 1919 reflected attacks of the English ships{spacecrafts} in Koporskom a hall. And to Kronstadt. It was undermined on mines in October 1919.

GABRIEL I (Raich) (mind{wit}. 1659), the patriarch Serbian, the martyr, is executed by turkish authorities for failure{refusal} to accept moslem faith. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on August, 30 (on September, 12) (a cathedral of the Serbian prelates).

GAVRILA OLEKSICH, combatant Alexander Nevskogo, the hero of the Neva battle 1240. An ancestor of many Russian seignioral and nobiliary surnames (including. Pushkinyh).

GAVRILIN Valery Aleksandrovich (r. 1939), the Russian composer, the national actor of Russia (1985). Ballets "Anyuta" (1982), "Second lieutenant Romashov" (1985), the actions stylized in national spirit (including "Perezvony", " the Shepherd and a water - rail "), a vokalno-symphonic poem " Military letters ", cantatas, vocal cycles, music to performances and films. The state premium of the USSR (1985).

GAVRILOV Ignatius Gavrilovich (1912-73), the Udmurt writer. The novel - trilogy " In native edges{boundarice} " (1958-63).

GAVRILOV Michael Aleksandrovich (1903-79), the Russian scientist, corresponding member AN the USSR (1964). The main{basic} transactionses on a telemechanics, theories of relay devices and finite state machines.

GAVRILOV POSAD, city in the Russian Federation, Ivanovo region. A depot. 8,5 thousand inhabitants (1992). Textile and sewing factories. A stud farm (the vladimirskiy draft-type horses), etc. It is based in 16 century by Ivan Terrible.

GAVRILOV-HOLES, city (with 1938) in the Russian Federation, Yaroslavl region, on r. Kotorosl. A depot. 21,1 thousand inhabitants (1992). Lnokombinat.

GAGANOVA Valentine Ivanovna (r. 1932), prjadilshchitsa at factory Vyshnevolotskogo of cotton combine, the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1959). In 1958 has acted the initiator of motion for transition of leaders of manufacture to lagging epines.

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GABJAUJA (Gabjauis), in the Lithuanian mythology the godhood of a crop of small crops, oofs and happiness.

HAWAII (Hawaii), an island in Quiet ok., largest of the Hawaiian islands. 10,4 thousand êì2. It is derivated by tops of 5 burning mountains (Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Kilauea, Hualalai, Kohala). Main city - it is sickly. Vulkanologicheskaja an observatory.

HAWAII, staff the USA, on the Hawaiian islands. 16,7 thousand êì2. The population of 1172 thousand person (1993). Adm. ts. - Honolulu. Before arrival of Europeans and down to midpoint of 19 century were steered by an aboriginal royal dynasty. In 1893 the USA are annexed, in 1959 the USA become 50-th staff.

HAWAIIAN 1941 OPERATION, see. Pearl Harbour.

The HAWAIIAN ISLANDS (Hawaiian Islands) (islands Sandvichevy), archipelago in Quiet ok. 24 islands (Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Oahu, etc.) - tops of a submerged volcanic crops. An altitude up to 4205 m. Active volcanoes - Mauna Loa and Kilauea. The wet tropical forests, savannahs. A recreation area and tourism; climatic health resorts.

The HAWAIIAN FLORISTS, a set of birds of order sparrow. Length of 11-21 sm, 22 kinds{views}, on the Hawaiian islands. Some kinds{views} eat a nectar. Many views on of an edge of petering.

The HAWAIIAN ANTICYCLONE (Severo-pacific anticyclone), stationary value range of a heightened atmospheric pressure in subtropical and tropical latitudes of boreal part Quiet ok.

The HAWAIIAN TONGUE, falls into to the Polynesian tongues which are included in avstronezijskuju family. Writing on the basis of the latin alphabet.

HAWAIIANS, people, an aboriginal population of the Hawaiian islands (USA). 170 thousand person (1992). Tongue Hawaiian. Believers - protesters and roman catholics.

The HAVANA UNIVERSITY, Cuba, is based in 1728; it is reorganized in 1960. In 1990 ok. 16 thousand students.

HAVEN (from niderl. haven), the coastal part of the water space for parking, repair and winterings of courts is naturally or artificially protecting from a wind, waves and flows. The part of a dock space for manufacture of cargo-passenger operations calls as haven also.

GAVAR, gazoneftjanoe a deposit in Saudi Arabia (the oil-and-gas-bearing basin enters in Persian gulf). It is open{discovered} in 1948. Deposits on depth of 1,5-3 kms. Beginning inventories of petroleum 10,14 billion t, gas 1,01 billion in m3. Firmness of petroleum of 0,85 g / sm3, content S of 1,66 %.

GAVARNI (Gavarnie), a cataract in verhovjah r. Gav-de-Po, on boreal downslopes Pireneev, in France. An altitude of a cataract of 422 m; it is overthrown from downslopes of the glacial circus largest in Europe. Tourism.

GAVARNI (Gavarni) Pol (an ice-film. A name and fam. Sjulpis Guillaume Shevalje, Chevalier) (1804-1866), the French schedule{chart}. Alive, indicative, often full humour of a lithograph, drawings, water colours on themes from life of the bourgeois, poor, bohemia.

GAVAS (Havas), French information agency in 1835-1940. In 1944 on his{its} base it is based France press.

GAVATSTSI (Gavazzi) Alessandro (1809-89), the italian priest, with 1859 spodvizhnik Dzhuzeppe Garibaldi in his{its} military marchings.

GAVGAMELY (sovr. Tel-Gomel), ancient settlement in Mesopotamia, in area of the modern cities Erbil (Iraq); at Gavgamelah on October, 1 331 up to n. e. A troops Alexander the Great have finally routed the persian army of tsar Darija III Kodomana.

GAVEDDAJ (Gavdelas) Persian (mind{wit}. In it is grey. 4 century), the Christian martyr, the son of tsar Shapura of II Persian. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on September, 29 (on October, 12).

GAVEL (Havel) Vaclav (r. 1936), the president of Czechia with 1993; the president of Czechoslovakia in 1989-92; the Czech playwright. In the season{term} of " the Prague spring " 1968 chairman of " Club of independent writers ". Later one of leaders pravozashchitnogo motions in country. Repeatedly exposed to imprisonment. With 1989 leader of motion " the Civil forum ". Satirical plays spirit of nonsense of a drama about the modern Czechoslovak real, including " the Park celebration " (it is put 1963, is published 1964), "Notice" (is put 1965), "Audience" (is put on a wireless, 1975), "Tempting" (1985), "Assonans" (1987).

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GABION (frants. gabion), a box from a gauze, the filled a broken stone; it is used in reguljatsionnyh and bank protected structures.

HABIT (an armour. habitus), external appearance of the person, his{its} constitution, bearing; an exterior, appearance animal, plants, a crystal.

GABIJA (Gabie), in the Lithuanian mythology the godhood of fire, personification of sacred fire of a home.

GABO (Gabo; an ice-film. fam. Pevzner) Nahum Abramovich (1890-1977), the artist and the theorist of art. Brother N.A.Pevznera. The native of Russia, in 1917-22 worked on Rhodinum, then - in Germany, France, the Great Britain and the USA. One of leaders of constructivism, osmysljal it{him} predominary as the abstract art, is only indirectly the bound with social-political problems. Created stable compositions and mobiles, it is strict geometrichnye or more loose, representing do-it-yourself worlds of regional{spatial} forms; masterly used plastic capabilities of diverse materials - from metals and plastics materials up to a stone.

GABOVICH Michael Markovich (1905-65), the Russian ballet dancer, the national actor of Russia (1951). In 1924-52 at Major theatre. The first initiator of consignment Romeo (" Romeo and Dzhuljetta " S.S.Prokofjeva), etc. The State premium of the USSR (1946, 1950).

GABON (Gabon), Republic Gabonskaja (Republique Gabonaise), the state in Center. To Africa. 268 thousand êì2. The population 1,3 million person (1993); fang, mpongve, mbete, punu, etc. The Urban population of 45,7 % (1993). The official language - French. Believers - christians (primarily roman catholics and protesters), ok. 3 % hold on to traditional convictions, etc. Administrative territorial division: 9 provinces. Capital - Libreville. The chief of state - the president. The body of legislation - unicameral National assembly. An interior of Gabon - a tableland and a mountain (an altitude up to 1580 m. Ibundzhi); along Atlantic ok. - lowland. A climate subequatorial; in a north equatorial. A rainfall of 1800-4000 mm annually. Mean temperatures of April 25-27 °S, July 22-24 °S. The main river - Ogooue (navigation in the lower flow). Tropical forests. On a shore - mangroves. National parks - Wong - Wong, Okanda. Terrain of Gabon in 19 century. It has been seized by France. The Berlin conference 1884-85 has recognized the right of France on new colony. About 1886 Gabon - separate French colony, in 1888 it is merged from Congo in one colony, in 1910-58 entered{included} in the French Equatorial Africa; in 1958-60 - the independent{autonomous} state. Since August 1960 independent republic. The party in power - Gabonskaja democratic party (it is based in 1968), supports the close union with France. The basis{fundamentals} of economy - a mining industry (under the supervisory control primarily the French capital). A lobe in a runway (1990, %): an industry 52,8, including mining 47; village and a forestry 11,4. Main export agricultural crops: a cane, cocoa, a peanut. The main{basic} consumer crops: maniocas, bananas, corn, fig. Fishery. Timber loggings. A crude production, manganous and uranic ores. Manufacture of the electric power 914 million kVt·ch (1991). Length of railways of 668 kms, motorways of 6,9 thousand. Km (1993). The tonnage of a marine merchant marine fleet of 30,2 thousand t deadweight. Main seaports: the Port - ZHantil and Libreville. Export: petroleum, wood, a manganese ore, uranic concentrates. The main{basic} foreign trade partners: France, the USA, Japan, Germany, etc. Monetary unit - franc KFA (the African financial community).

GABOR Andor (1884-1953), the Hungarian writer. Satirical plays and feuilletons " Peshtskie sobbings. The book about ill city " (1912), the collection of verses "Orgovan" (1920), anti-fascist stories and articles. Roman " the Doctor anybody " (t. 1-2, 1946).

GABOR Dennis (Denesh) (1900-79), physics. Was born in Hungary. With 1927 in Germany, with 1934 in the Great Britain, with 1967 in the USA. Has constructed a general theory of a holography and has received the first holograms. The Nobel Prize (1971).

GABOR Miklosh (r. 1919), the Hungarian actor. From 1941 National theatre master the actor and Theatre him{it}. I.Madacha. It was taken out in films: "Bear - aristocrat", " Albian stage Regija ", "Wall", etc.

GABORIO (Gaboriau) Emil (1832-73), the French writer, one of initiators of a detective genre. Ò. n. Criminal novels: " Business Leruzh " (1866), " the Crime in Orsivale " (1867), " Slaves to Paris " (1868).

GABORONE (Gaberones) (Gaborone, Gaberones), capital of Botswana, an administrative centre of the Southeast district. 134 thousand inhabitants (1991). The alimentary enterprises. University.

GABRIADZE Revaz Levanovich (r. 1936), the Georgian prose writer, the playwright, the producer, the artist, the honored worker of arts of Georgia (1979). Art Gabriadze is organically connected to national art traditions. In 1981 has organized the Tbilisi theatre of puppets. Productions (Gabriadze - the writer of plays, the producer and the artist): " Alfred and Violetta " (on motives of opera Dzh. Verdi "Traviata" (1981), " Autumn of our spring " (1985), etc. The Writer of scripts of films " Not gorjuj! ", "Mimino" (from V.S.Tokarevoj and G.N.Danelia), etc. The State premium of the USSR (1989).

GABRIELS (Gabrieli), italian composers: Andrea (between 1510 and 1520 - after 1586) and his{its} nephew Giovanni (between 1553 and 1556-1612 or 1613), representatives. The venetian school. Organists of a cathedral the Dignity - Marko in Venice.

GABRIEL (Gabriel) Jacque Anzh (1698-1782), the French architect. The representative of a classicism. Rational on grading, legible and clear under the form, refined products{creations} on furnish (Small Trianon in Versailles, 1762-64, a square. The consent in Paris, 1753-75).

GABRILOVICH Eugeny Iosifovich (1899-1993), the scripter, the honored worker of arts of Russia (1969), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1979). Scripts of films: "Mashenka" (1942), "Dream" (1943), "Communist" (1958), " Lenin in Poland " (1966), " thy contemporary " (1968), "Declaration of love" (1978), " Lenin in Paris " (1981), etc. Them the attention to psychologic deployment of characters distinguishes, soul interest in display{demonstration} of human destinies at the moment of acute historical events. The state premium of the USSR (1943, 1967, 1983).

GABRICHEVSKY George Norbertovich (1860-1907), a microbiologist, the founder of scientific school, one of organizers of manufacture of bacteriological drugs in Russia. Has organized in Moskovsk university bacteriological laboratory and Bacteriological institute, has based the Russian bacteriological society. Together with N.F.Filatovym has entered wheyish treatment of a diphtheria.

GABROVO, city in Bulgaria, on r. JAntra. 81 thousand inhabitants (1988.) Center textile and a leather and foot-wear industry. A machine industry. Tourism (Shipka pass). A dwelling - museum of humour and satyrs. Festivals of humour.

GABSBURGI (Habsburger), a dynasty setting in Austria (with 1282 dukes, with 1453 ertsgertsogi, with 1804 Austrian emperors). Having joined in 1526 Czechia and Hungary (where were titled by kings) and other terrains, become monarches of an extensive multinational state (in 1867-1918 Austria-Hungary). Gabsburgi were emperors of " Sacred Roman empire " (permanently in 1438-1806, except for 1742-45), and also kings of Spain (1516-1700). The most known representatives: Charles V, Phillip II (spanish), Maria Terezija, Joseph II, Frants Joseph I.

GABT, see. Major theatre.

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VYACHESLAV (Vaclav, Ventseslav) Czech (mind{wit}. 935), prince, the passion bearer, the grandson of the martyress of princess Lyudmila. Memory{remembrance} in Orthodox and in the Latin church on September, 28.

VJACHKO (Vyacheslav) (?-1224), prince Kukejnosa. Struggled against german knights, but has been compelled (1207) to leave to Russia. Has perished at the defence from Germans of. JUrjev.

G, the fourth character of the Russian alphabet; goes back to cyrillic A character (speak), having, except for acoustical, also digital value 3.

The HAGUE CONVENTIONS.. 1) international conventions on laws and customs the wars adopted on 1-st (3 conventions) and 2-nd (13 conventions) nonpredatory conferences in Hague in 1899 and 1907. The Hague conventions contain regulations about the nonpredatory sanction of state differences, neutrality, about protection of nonpredatory inhabitants, a mode voennoplennyh, speed up injured and ill and t. d... 2) the Convention 1954 about a protection of cultural objects in an event of armed conflict... 3) Conventions on international private law 1902-05, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1961, etc.

GAAZ Feodor Petrovich (1780-1853), the Russian doctor - humanist. As the chief medical officer of the Moscow prisons (with 1828) has achieved improvement of the content encased, organizations of prison hospital (1832), schools for children of prisoners.

GABAJ Ilya Jankelevich (1935-73), the Russian poet. Participat in pravozashchitnom motion. In 1970 it is repressed, sentenced to three years of the conclusion. At life it was not emitted. Collections: "Crosier" (1990), " Verses. Publicism. Letters. Memories " (1990), " Elected places " (1994).

GABERDINE (frants. gabardine), mild woollen, half-woolen, silk or a cotton; has small-sized slope scars. From a gaberdine sew a coat and costumes{suits}.

DIMENSION (frants. gabarit), limiting{marginal} external lineaments{outlines} of subjects, structures and devices.

DIMENSIONAL GATE, are established{set} on ways of depots for check of maximum moving dimensions. A dimensional gate up to 4,5 m are established{set} by an altitude on highways from both parties of grade crossing through the electrified railway.

GABASHVILI George (Gigo) Ivanovich (1862-1936), the Georgian painter, the national artist of Georgia (1929). In realistic portraits - phylums of town-dwellers and peasants combined a household juiciness with features of monumentalism (" Three town-dwellers ", 1893).

GABBE Tamara Grigorjevna (1903-60), the Russian writer. Plays - fairy tales for children (" City of masters, or the Fairy tale on two humpbacks ", 1943), articles about the nursery literature.

GABBRO (ital. gabbro), an intrusive main{basic} depth rock; will consist of the main{basic} plagioklaza, piroksenov and a small amount of metallic minerals. Firmness of 2800-3200 kg / m3; compression strength 80-360 MPa. Deposits of magnetite, titano-magnetite, nickelous sulphides are connected to intrusions of a gabbro, copper, etc. Building and a covering material.

GABELJA (up to 1991 Kutkashen), city (with 1973) in Azerbaijan, in 63 kms from zh.-d. An item. Ljaki. 13,4 thousand inhabitants (1991). Canning, tabachno-fermentative factories, etc. The Istoriko-study of local lore museum.

GABEN (Gabin) Jean (1904-76), the French film actor. At kino with 1930. Has brought on the screen spirit of democracy merged with the strong-willed, effective beginning and respect for the human personality. It was removed in films: " Great illusion ", " Embankment of fogs{mists} ", " For walls Malapagi ", " the Strong of the world this ", " the Thunder celestial ", " Two in city ", "Cat", etc.

GABER (Haber) (Haber) Frits (1868-1934), the german chemist - neorganik and the technologist, foreign honorary member AN the USSR (1932). In 1933 has emigrated from Germany. For the first time has received (1908) on a halfway unit a luquid ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen on the osmic catalyst at pressure up to 20 MPa. The Nobel Prize (1918). The initiator of military application of poisonous substances.

GABERLANDT (Haberlandt) (Haberlandt), german physiologists of plants, father and the son: 1) Fridrih (1826-78). Transactionses on an ontogenesis and roles of physical factors in development of agricultural plants, their protection against pests, acclimatizations, to a sericulture. 2) Gotlib Iogann Fridrih (1854-1945), foreign corresponding member AN the USSR (1925; foreign corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science with 1924). One of founders of a physiological direction in a plant anatomy; has developed grading plant tissues, founded on their functions. Transactionses on tropisms; has discovered t. n. Wound hormones.

GABERONES (Gaberones), capital of Botswana; see. Gaborone.

GABES, city and port in Tunis, an administrative centre vilajeta Gabes. 92 thousand inhabitants (1984). Chemical, a flavoring industry. Fishery.

GABES (Small Sirt), a bay of Mediterranean m. for boreal shore Africa (Tunis). Length of 41 kms, width ok. 68 kms, depth ok. 50 m. A large island - Dzherba. Primary ports: Gabes, Sehira.

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VJAZEMY (Major Vjazemy), village in the Moscow region, in 45 kms to the west from Moscow, bliz zh.-d. An item. Golitsyno. Former farm of Russian tsar Boris Godunova (16 - nach. 17 centuries), with kon. 17 century - princes Golitsynyh. Preobrazhenskiy church and a belfry (kon. 16 century).

The VISCOUS VACUUM GAUGE, the manometer, which action it is based on change of viscosity of a dilute gas with pressure variation. A range of gauged pressures 1-10-5 Pa.

VYAZNIKI, city (with 1778) in the Russian Federation, the Vladimirskiy region. Landing stage on r. Klyazma. A depot. 45,4 thousand inhabitants (1992). A textile industry, factories: "Tehmash", automotive lighting fitting. Branch of the Vladimiro-Suzdal istoriko-architectonic and art museum - reservation.

VJAZ... 1) the decorative letter at which characters are bridged in a continuous decorative pattern (some kinds{views} of the old slavic, Arabian letter).... 2) Connection of two or several characters in one constituent{integrate} mark or combined group (napr., in devanagari).

VYAZMA, city in the Russian Federation, Smolensk region, on r. Vyazma. A railway junction. 59,9 thousand inhabitants (1992). Machine-building, graphitic items, tanning factories; lnokombinat. It is known with 1239. Church Odigitrii Smolensk, Troitsky a cathedral (both - 17 century). An Istoriko-study of local lore museum. In Domestic war 1812 ok. Vyazma Russian troops on October, 22 (on November, 3) have defeated receding napoleonic army.

VYAZMA, the river in Smolensk region, the left-handed in-leak{influx} of Dnepr. 147 kms, the area of basin 1350 êì2. In ancient times - a part the ways, connected verhovja a bass. Volga, Oka and Dnepr.

VJAJNAMERI (the Fly, the Fly - Vjajn, Moonzund), a channel between islands of Hiiumaa, the Fly and mainland (Estonia). Bridges a north-east part of Baltic m. with Riga a hall. Length ok. 83 kms, width of 6-27 kms, the greatest depth of 3,8 m. Solidifies in the winter.

VJAJNJAMEJNEN (Vjajnamejne, Vejnemejnen), in the karelo-Finnish mythology wise starets, the created world with the help of spells.

VJALBE Elena Valerjevna (r. 1968), Russian sportsmenka, the deserved master of sport (1989). CHempionka Olympic Games (1992, 1994), the world (1989, 1991, 1993, 1995) in different kinds{views} of cross-countr. Obladatelnitsa the Cup of the world (1989, 1991, 1992).

VJALTSEVA Anastasy Dmitrievna (1871-1913), the Russian variety singer (soprano), the performer of gipsy romances, the actress of an operetta.

VJATICHI, the union of east - slavonic nations of the upper and mean flow of Oka. In the Kiev Russia with it is grey. 10 century. Since 12 century terrain vjatichej in the Chernigov, Rostovo-Suzdal and Ryazan principalities.

VYATKA, the title of city Kirov (regional) in 1781-1934.

VYATKA, the river in the European part of the Russian Federation, dextral in-leak{influx} of Kama. 1314 kms, the area of basin of 129 thousand êì2. Average discharge of water 890 m3 / with. Driveable. It is navigable up to Kirov (700 kms), in the spring up to landing stage Kirs (1000 kms). On Vyatka - cities Kotelnich, Sovetsk, Vjatskie Glades, etc.

VYATKIN German Platonovich (r. 1935), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1987). Transactionses in range of the physico-chemical bases{fundamentals} of metallurgical processes.

GROUND VJATSKAJA (Hlynovskaja), the historical title in 12-18 centuries of terrain in basin upper and parts of mean flow r. Vyatka. From 6 century it inhabited Komi and Udmurts, from 10 century also by maris. Accustomed the Novgorod republic. In 1489 it is adjoined to the Russian state.

VJATSKAJA the HORSE, legkouprjazhnaja aboriginal, is introduced and long since gets divorced in terrain of boreal forest regions of the Russian Federation. Animal stunted, hardy, unpretentious. In past were glorified by fast driving (troechnaja the horse).

VJATSKIE GLADES, city (with 1942) in the Russian Federation, the Kirov region, landing stage on r. Vyatka. A depot. 46 thousand inhabitants (1992). Machine works; wood-working, a food-processing industry. It is known with 1595.

VJATSKY UVAL, a high ground in Republic of Maries El and the Kirov region. An altitude of 284 m. It is combined by dolomites, limestones and gypsums; karst is developed. It is traverseed by a valley r. Vyatka. Coniferous forests.

VJATSKO-KAMSKOE the DEPOSIT of phosphorites, in the Kirov region. It is developed with 1917. The area 1900 êì2. Known reserves ok. 2100 million t ore; content P2O5 in ore of 11-17 %. An opencast mining. The main{basic} centre of production - a settlement. Miner.

WOOD PIGEON (wood pigeon), bird of a set of pigeons. Length ok. 45 see In Eurasia and Severo-Zap. To Africa. Lives primarily in coniferous forests, sometimes lodges in parks.

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VEN-JUANSHUAJ (a whale. Commander-in-chief Ven), in the Chinese mythology spirit, the sovereign of spirits Tai Shan. It was figured with a wristlet and a club.

VJUJJAR (Vuillard) Eduar (1868-1940), the French painter. Team member "Nabi". Finely emotional, harmonic on I blossom household scenes, portraits, landscapes (" In sand bed ", 1891).

VJURMSER (Wurmser) Andre (1899-1984), the French writer, the publicist. The participant of movement of Resistance. The cycle of novels " the Person comes to the Earth " (t. 1-7, 1946-55) - the realistic chronicle of the French life of 1-st third of 20 century. Literary - critical and publicistic books.

VJURMSKOE the GLACIATION, the title of the last pleistocene glaciation in the Alpes (from 70 up to 11 thousand flying back). The Sowing is compared on time with vislinskim a glaciation. And Center. Europe, Valdai on East European plain and viskonsinskim in the Sowing. To America.

WURTTEMBERG, german county (with it is grey. 13 century), about 1495 duchy, in 1805-1918 kingdom (capital Stuttgart), then ground of Germany; with kon. 1951 part of ground Baden-Wurttemberg.

WURTZITE, mineral of a class of sulphides, polymorphic hexagonal updating ZnS. Impurity{additives} Fe, Cd. Radially - radiative units, kollomorfnye secretions. Hardness 3,5-4; firmness of 4 g / sm3. Basically a hydrothermal mineral. Ore of zinc, sometimes a cadmium.

VJURTS (Wurtz) Charles Adolf (1817-84), the French chemist, foreign corresponding member Petersburg AN (1873). Has developed (1855) generalpurpose method of synthesis of paraffinic hydrocarbon action of metal natrium on alkilgalogenidy (reaction Vjurtsa). Has discovered (1872, it is simultaneous from A.P.Borodinym) aldolnuju condensation.

VJURTSBURG, city in Germany, ground Bavaria, a port on r. Main. 128,5 thousand inhabitants (1992). A machine industry, chemical, alimentary, a printing industry. University. Citadel Marienberg (11-16 centuries) with a circular chapel (8 century), a bishopic residence (18 century).

BINDERS, building timbers for manufacturing betons and solutions. Distinguish inorganic (mineral) binders (cement, gypsum, a lime, etc.) and organic (bitumens, tars, artificial asphalts). Mineral binders (routinely powdery) at commixing with water (sometimes with water solutions of salts) will derivate the flexible mass purchasing then kamnevidnoe a condition. Them divide on hydraulic, capable to solidify and save{grow hard and save} toughness on air and in water (napr., portland cement), and air, solidifying{growing hard} and keeping toughness only on air (gypsum, a lime).

ASTRINGENTS, the medicinal substances which are generatrix at a contact with an injured leather or mucous membrane a protective packed bed on their surface at the expense of interaction with albumens; render anti-inflammatory action.

ELM, some kinds of trees of a stem an elm.

KNITTING MACHINE, the same, that a knitter.

KNITTING, manufacturing of a fabric or finished products from continuous filaments their bending in hinge strains which interlace{bind} among themselves. Distinguish knitting manual (a peg or spokes) and engine (on knitters).

VJAZEMSKY, city (with 1951) in the Russian Federation, Khabarovsk kr. A depot. 18,2 thousand inhabitants (1992). An industry: a building materials, alimentary; a logging enterprise, a woodworking.

VJAZEMSKY Alexander Alekseevich (1727-93), prince, the Russian statesman, the honorary member Petersburg AN (1776), close confidant Ekaterina II. With 1764 general - public prosecutor of the Senate, in 1767 chairman of the Commission on drawing up of a new Establishment, with 1769 councilor at the highest yard.

VJAZEMSKY Afanasy Ivanovich (? - ok. 1570), prince, oruzhnichy, approximated Ivan IV, influential oprichnik. It is accused of change. Has died in the conclusion.

VJAZEMSKY Paul Petrovich (1820-88), prince, Russian arheograf, the historian of the literature. Son P.A.Vjazemskogo. The publication of materials about A.S.Pushkin; memories. Literary mystification " Letters and note Ommer de Gell " (are published in 1933) in which Vjazemsky acts in a role of an imaginary translator, - attempt to create the risky novel, in a skandalno-sensational key drawing " unknown pages " M.J.Lermontov biographies, peculiar deflecting{refraction} of natural memories Vjazemskogo and family legends.

VJAZEMSKY Peter Andreevich (1792-1878), prince, the Russian poet, the literary critic, the academician Petersburg AN (1841). In early lyrics - combination of civil traditions of 18 century and " mild poetry ". Since 40th - poetry of memories, tragical motives; held on to conservative public views. Memoirs (" the Aged notepad ").

VJAZEMSKY Jury Pavlovich (r. 1951), the Russian writer. In stories and stories - problems of a becoming of the personality, moral conflicts of duties. Collections: "Fool" (1982), " Pappuses have brought " (1985), etc.

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VJURKOVYE, a set of birds of order sparrow. 133 kinds{views}, are distributed widely. In Russia it is routine hawfinches, a goldfinch, a siskin, konopljanka, a finch, lentil, crossbills, chechotkas, etc. Erase destructive insects and seeds of weeds; some damage grain and ogorodnye crops.

BRAMBLING (jurok), a bird of a set vjurkovyh. It is little bit less than sparrow. Dwells{lives} in a forest zone of Eurasia. A migrant; arrives in March - April. Nests twists on trees, predominary on spruces and birches. Eats seeds of plants and hexapods.

VJUHI, in induizme four implementations of god Vishnu (Vasudeva, Sankarshana, Pradjumna and Aniruddha).

The PACK TRANSPORT, shipping goods in packs on horses, mules, camels, donkeys, etc. It is developed predominary in mountains, a taiga, deserts.

VJASA, the legendary old indian poet. To him the authorship of "Mahabharata", puran (canonical texts induizma) and ordering of the text ved is attributed.

VEJ BOREAL (Toba Vej), the state and a dynasty in 386-535 in terrain the Sowing. China. It is based Toba Guem - by the leader of nations toba.

VEJ THAT, in mythology of the Chinese Buddhism a saver of the law, the militant sentinel. It is figured with a sword and in an armour.

VEJ CHANHOJ (? - 1856), one of chiefs Tajpinskogo of revolt 1850-64 in China. Commanded large connection tajpinskoj armies; the party to a plot against JAn Sjutsina. It is killed under order Hun Sjutsjuanja.

VEJ SHANG - TSZJUN, in the Chinese mythology the daos-healer. Was to ill with a black dog.

VEJ YUAN (1794-1857), the Chinese thinker, the historian, the geographer and the poet. The writer " Maps and the description of overseas countries ", one of the first Chinese books about countries of Europe.

VEJ-GU, in the Chinese mythology the god - healer, the promoter of doctors.

WEIFANG, city in China, in prov. Shandong. 428 thousand inhabitants (1990). A machine industry; alimentary, textile, a chemical industry.

VEJHE, the river on the orient of China, component r. Hajhe. Ok. 600 kms, the area of basin ok. 50 thousand êì2. Weeps on Great Chinese plain. A lower reaches in system of the Great channel. It is navigable. In a mouth - Tianjin.

VEJSHE, in the Chinese mythology the spirit - snake with a bifurcated body and two heads in red caps.

VENGAPUROVSKOE the DEPOSIT petrogas condensate, in a north of the Tyumen region (the Western - Siberian oil-and-gas-bearing province). It is open{discovered} in 1968. Deposits on depth of 1-2,9 kms. Beginning inventories 237 billion in m3. Center of production - a settlement. Tarko-bacon.

VEN-TUB, in the Chinese mythology the god of the literature, knizhnosti, knowledge; the passing examinations depends on him{it}. It was figured sitting on a throne with a scepter in an arm{a hand}.

WENCHOU, city in China, in prov. Chekiang. 402 thousand inhabitants (1990). Seaport in a mouth r. Outszjan. Center chaeobrabotki. Porcelain manufacture.

VENSHU, in mythology of the Chinese Buddhism the sacred soldier, ohranitel the law. Corresponds{meets} indian Mandzhushri.

VEN-SHEN (a whale. Spirits of epidemies), in the Chinese mythology five spirits, correspond{meet} to the parties of light (four parties + the centre) and to seasonal epidemies.

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WATER RESERVOIR VYSHNEVOLOTSKOE, in valleys of rivers SHlina and TSna, in the Tver region. It is filled in in 1719; supporting constructions are renovated in 1951. The area 109 êì2, volume 0,32 êì3, length of 12 kms, an extreme breadth of 9 kms. Executes seasonal flow regulation; fluctuations of level up to 3 m. It is used with the purposes of water supply, energetics and navigation.

VYSHNEGRADSKY Ivan Alekseevich (1831/32-95), the Russian scientist, the honorary member Petersburg AN (1888). One of founders of the theory of automatic regulation, the founder of scientific school on designing machines. In 1888-92 Minister of Finance.

VYSHNEGRADSKY Nikolay Alekseevich (1821-72), the Russian teacher. The adherent of mean women classless education. Has based the log-book " the Russian pedagogical bulletin " (1857-61). Has constituted the first Russian program on pedagogics.

VYSHNY VOLOCHEK, city (with 1770) in the Russian Federation, the Tver region, landing stage on Vyshnevolotskoj to water system (acts with 1709). A depot. 64,3 thousand inhabitants (1992). Wood-working, a building materials, mild, alimentary, etc. an industry. Theatre. A study of local lore museum.

LEACHING, extraction of separate components of a solid material with the help of the solvent (napr., a metallurgical extraction of metals from ores, an alkali extraction of the lignin from wood, a bacterial leaching of uranium from ores). The leaching calls also as abstraction.

LEACHING of ROCKS, process of selective dissolution and offset underground waters of separate components of rocks, first of all of good solubility chlorides Na, K, etc., and then sulphates and carbonates Ca (napr., the phenomena of karst).

" VE KOLOMBE " (Vieux-Colombier) (" the Theatre of an aged pigeon coop "), is based in Paris in 1913 Z.Kopo. In repertoir classical dramatic art, plays of modern writers.

VELE-GRIFFEN (Viele-Griffin) Fransis (1864-1937), the French poet. For the collection " Glowing of life " (1897), "Departure" (1899) are characteristic a cult of beauty, ljubovanie a nature, estetizm. The master of a loose verse.

TWISTS Ô., see Vieta F.

VETAN (Vieuxtemps) Anri (1820-81), the Belgian violinist, the composer and the teacher. One of osnovatelej Belgian national skripichnoj schools. Gave concerts and taught in Russia (1838-40, 1845-52). 7 concerts for a violin with an orchestra, compositions on Russian themes. The professor of the Bruxelles conservatory.

VETMIN (the full title Vietnam of docks - pads dong-min - League of extirpation for independence of Vietnam), in 1941-51 unified national front of Vietnam. It is built under initiative KP of Indochina. In 1951 has drained with Ljen-Vjetom.

VIETNAM, Socialist Republic Vietnam (Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam), SRV, the state in JUgo-Vost. Asia, on p-ove Indochina. 332 thousand êì2. The population 70,9 million person (1993); primarily vjetnamtsy (88 %), all over 60 nationalities{national characters} and ethnic groups. A urban population - 20,1 % (1989). The official language - Vietnamese. Believers - 55 % Buddhists, 7 % - roman catholics. Administrative territorial division: 50 provinces, 3 cities of central subordination. Capital - Hanoi. The chief of state - the president (with 1992). The maximum body of legislation and a public authority - unicameral National assembly---the Large part of terrain take mountains an altitude up to 3143 m; on a shore - lowlands (primarily in deltas of the rivers of Songka in a north and Mekong in the south). A climate tropical monsoon. A rainfall of 1500-3000 mm annually. Mean temperatures in the south vary a little (from 26 °S in December up to 29 °S in April), in a north - from 15 °S in January up to 28 °S in July, in mountains is more cool. Typhoons, floods in the autumn are frequent. 40 % of terrain are coated{obtected} with tropical forests. National park Batma-Hajvan, numerous wildlife reserves, zakazniki.---the Most ancient Vietnamese states were Vanlang and replaced it{him} Aulak and Namvjet. In 2 century up to n. e. Aulak and Namvjet have been conquered by China. In 10 century n. e. As a result of liberation extirpation the independent Vietnamese state is professed. Since 11 century the Vietnamese state Dajvjet - one of the largest states of Southeast Asia. To 1858-84 Vietnam it is seized by France. In 1930 the Communist party of Vietnam (KPV) (later KP Indochina, with 1951 - the Consignment of workers of Vietnam - PTV is based; with 1976 - KPV). To 1941-45 Vietnam it is occupied by a Japanese troops. August revolution 1945 was finished by professing on September, 2 1945 DRV; The president and prime minister DRV has been selected Ho SHi the Min. In 1945-46 French troops have organized act of war in the south, and then have led annexationist war to scale all country. A number{series} of serious defeats of the French troops (especially in r-not Djenbjenfu in 1954) and requests of peace loving forces have forced government of France to go on the conclusion of Geneva agreements 1954.---To 1964-65 USA have organized air war against DRV, in 1965 have entered in JUzh. Vietnam a troops, have undertaken direct management of war against patriotic forces. In 1969 the Temporary revolutionary government of Republic Austral Vjetnam.---In January 1973 signed the Parisian agreement on the arrest of war and restoration of the world in Vietnam has been built. In July 1976 state recombination of Vietnam has been completed, Socialist Republic Vietnam (SRV) is professed. 4-th cross-over KPV in December 1976 has scheduled a course on construction of socialism to scale all country. In 1980 constitution SRV is adopted. On 6-th (December 1986) and (June 1991) cross-overs KPV is determined by 7-th a course on gradual privatization of economy, building of market economy and engaging of foreign investments. In 1992 it is adopted new konstitutsija.---Vietnam - agrarian country with a developing industry. A lobe of a runway (1993, %): village and a forestry 36,6, an industry 20,9. A crude production, coal, apatites, chromites, iron oxide, tin, a tungsten. Manufacture of the electric power 10,8 billion kVt·ch (1993). Black and nonferrous machine industry, metal working and a machine industry (manufacture of diesels, agricultural machinery, precise mechanisms, assembly, etc.), A chemical industry; manufacture of a building materials. The wood-working and pulp and paper enterprises; machining of rubber. Mild and a flavoring industry. Art handcrafts. In an agriculture agriculture prevails{dominates}. It is treated{processed} ok. 21 % of terrain of Vietnam. Cultivate rice (the main{basic} food crop), a sweet potato, corn, from technical crops - a cotton, a jute, a cane, tea, etc.; plantations of rubber plants. A fruit growing, a vegetable raising. A large horned stock (it is used primarily as draft force), a swine breeding. Fishery. A harvesting of wood (fine woods). Length (one thousand in km, 1992) railways 2,5, motorways 105, internal waterways 6. Main seaports: Ho Chi Minh, Haiphong, Da Nang, Honggaj, Cam Pha. Export: petroleum, coal, rice, rubber, rybo-and marine products, etc. The Main{Basic} foreign trade partners: Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, JUzh. Korea, France, Australia, Germany. Monetary unit - dong.

The VIETNAMESE TONGUE, the official language of Vietnam, falls into avstroaziatskoj to family of tongues (vjetmyongskaja group). Writing on the basis of the latin alphabet.

VIETNAMESE NEWS AGENCY (VIA), Hanoi. It is based in 1945. In 1976 earlier existing in a north and the south of country VIA and News agency Discharging (it is based in 1961) are joint in a unified information organ - VIA.

VETNAMTSY (the self-title throw, twists), people, the main{basic} population of Vietnam (61 million person). The USA live also in Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, etc. The Aggregate number 62,15 million person (1992). Tongue Vietnamese. Buddhists believing main{basic}, daosisty, konfutsiantsy - a cult of ancestors, a part roman catholics and adherents of syncretic religions.

BLIZZARD, the same, that a blizzard.

MORNING-GLORY FAMILY, set of dycotyledonous plants. Grasses, dwarf semishrubs, bushes, rarely small trees; many - curling plants. St. 1500 kinds{views} (50 stems), primarily in tropics and subtropics; including ok. 40 kinds{views} from 4 stems (a cress, the morning glory, a bindweed and a glorybind), will grow in Compare. Asia, on Central Russian plain, Caucasus, the south of Siberia and the Far East. The greatest economic value have a sweet potato (it is used in peep) and a jalap (medicinal).

BINDWEED, stem of grasses and bushes of a set of a morning-glory family. Ok. 250 kinds{views}, primarily in moderate ranges. A bindweed field (berezka) - a malicious weed of crops. As bindweeds call also kinds{views} of a glorybind with curling stalks and grechishku vjunkovuju - a weed of a set of a buckwheat family.

VJUNY, a stem of fishes of order karpoobraznyh. Length up to 30 see. Some kinds, in internal water reservoirs of Europe, JUzh. And Vost. Asia. Object of laboratory probes.

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OUTPUT CRAMPS, set{combination} of cramps on the issuing (data about volume and circulation of the book, date of delivery in a panel and signings for printing, cramps on a format, etc.); are typed on the last page or on the back of a banner page.

NATIVES Peter Sozontovich (r. 1923), the Russian literary critic, the Doctor of Philology (1962), the professor (1968). The main{basic} orb of interests - a history of the Russian literature of 20 century, folklore. Books: "Alexander Tvardovsky" (1958), " Russian Soviet poetry and national creativity " (1963), "Paul Vasiljev" (1972), " In searches of the new word: Destinies of Russian Soviet poetry of the twentieth - thirtieth years of XX century " (1980), " the Earth and fruits: Sketches about Russian Soviet poetry 40-70-Õ " (1989).

MUSKRAT, mammalian an insectivora. Length of a body up to 22 sm, a tail up to 20 see. Meets only in a bass. Volga, Don and Ural. It is acclimatized in a bass. Ob. Conducts a semiaquatic mode of life. Fur very valuable. Number is reduced, primarily because of violation{disturbance} of a habitat. Production everywhere is forbidden. It is guarded in 5 reservations and ok. 40 protection regimes.

VYCHEGDA, the river in a north of the European part of the Russian Federation, dextral in-leak{influx} the Sowing. Dvina. 1130 kms, the area a bass. 121 thousand êì2. Average discharge of water 1160 m3 / with. Driveable. It is navigable up to landing stage Voldino (938 kms). On Vychegda - cities Syktyvkars, Solvychegodsk, Kotlas (in a mouth).

DEDUCTION in theory figures. The figure a calls as a deduction of figure b modulo m if the difference a-b is divided on m (a, b, m> 0 - integers). Otherwise a calls as a non-residue. Napr., figure 24 is a deduction of figure 3 (and figure 25 - a non-residue) modulo 7, t. To. 24-3=21 it is divided on 7 (and 25-3=22 it is not divided on 7). See also the Power residue.

CALCULUS MATHEMATICS, the section of mathematics including a circle of problems, manufacturing-oriented calculations and use of a computer. In more fine-bored comprehension calculus mathematics - the theory of numerical methods of the solution of standard mathematical problems.

The COMPUTER, complex or the separate device intended for mechanization and automation of process of information processing and calculations, executed{designed} according to the given algorithm. Distinguish following phylums of computers: mechanic, electrical, electronic (computers), hydraulic, air-operated{air-powered;pneumatic}, optical and combined.

COMPUTER FACILITIES... 1) set{combination} of a technical and mathematical means (computers, devices, devices, programs and so forth), used for mechanization and automation of processes of calculations and information processing. It is applied at the solution of scientific and engineering problems, the bound with great volume of calculations, in systems automatic and automated management, at the count, planning{glide}, forecasting and economic evaluation, to acceptance of scientifically reasonable solutions, data interpretation, in information retrieval systems and t. d.... 2) the Branch of technique engaging development, manufacturing and operation of computers, devices and devices.

The COMPUTER SYSTEM, interdependent equipment of computer facilities into which enters not less than 2 processors, consolidated a guidance system and having the total memory, unified software and general peripheral units.

COMPUTER CENTER (VTS), the organization intended for the tax, storage and information processing of a different kind{view} with the help of a computer, and also development and probe of software of a computer, methods of the solution of different classes of problems, organizations of computational activities, etc. Version VTS - computing station for machining the registration, statistical, accounting information.

The COMPUTER CENTER of the Russian Academy of Science, is built in 1955 in Moscow. Development of computational methods, probes on software of a computer.

The COMPUTER CENTER of the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Science, is built in 1963 in Novosibirsk. Probes on applied{economic} and calculus mathematics.

SUBTRACTION, arithmetic operation, revertive to build, i.e. presence of one of summands (difference) on the given sum of two summands (reduced) and given other summand (deducted). It is meant it is familiar - (minus).

VYCHULKOVSKY Leon (1852-1936), the Polish painter and the schedule{chart}. In realistic portraits and genre compositions ("Ploughing", 1903) used impressionisticheskuju technique of the letter; executed{designed} landscape water colours and lithographs.

VYSHGOROD, city (with 1968) on Ukraine, the Kiev region, on r. Dnepr, in 18 kms from Kiev. 21,6 thousand inhabitants (1991). The Kiev river plant, pumped storage plant. An archeologic monument of 11-12 centuries. It is known with 946.

VYSHELESSKY Sergey Nikolaevich (1874-1958), the Byelorussian scientist - epizootologist, academician AN of Belarus (1928). Probeed many theoretical and practical problems of extirpation with communicable diseases animal, including with a plague, a Siberian plague, etc. The State premium of the USSR (1941).

VYSHINSKY Andrey Januarjevich (1883-1954), the deputy of the public prosecutor and the public prosecutor of the USSR in 1933-39, academician AN the USSR (1939). In 1939-44 vice-president of Advice{Council} of National Commissioners of the USSR. In 1940-53 on managing posts{stations} in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR (in 1949-53 minister). The member of a Central Committee of the CPSU with 1939. Telescoped in activities Vyshinskogo of a rule{situation;position} have been directed on the substantiation of gross violations of legitimacy, mass reprisals, in particular{personally} by collimating value of the master proof to confession accused. Was the public prosecutor on the forged political processes of 30th.

VYSHNEVOLOTSKAJA WATER SYSTEM, a waterway from Volga up to Baltic m. Into structure Vyshnevolotskoj of water system enter: in-leak{influx} of Volga - r. Tvertsa, Vyshnevolotsky the water-partite channel, r. TSna, an eskar. Mstino, r. Msta, Siversov and Vishersky channels, r. Volkhov, by-pass the Ladoga channel and r. Neva. It is built in nach. 18 century.

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The MAXIMUM NERVOUS ACTIVITY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY INSTITUTE (IVND) the Russian Academy of Science, is organized in 1960 in Moscow on the basis Institute of the maximum nervous activity AN the USSR (it is based in 1950). Probes on physiology of nervous system, conditioned reflexes, etc.

The MAXIMUM WOMEN COURSES, in Russia up to 1917 higher educational establishments for women. Prepared doctors and teachers. The first maximum women courses are open{discovered} in Saint Petersburg (Alarchinskie) and in Moscow (Lubjanskie) in 1869. Courses of professor V.I.Gerje in Moscow (are based in 1872) and Bestuzhevskie in Saint Petersburg (1878 are most known; are called by name their official chief of historian K.N.Bestuzhev - Ryumin).

The MAXIMUM CRUSTACEA, subclass of Invertebrata of a class of Crustacea. 13 orders (ok. 19,5 thousand kinds{views}), including tonkopantsirnye, Stomatopoda, mizidy, kumovye, ravnonogie, fresh-water shrimps, evfauzievye, decapoda.

HIGHER PLANTS (telomnye plants), podtsarstvo flora. As against lower plant - forms the body of higher plants separates into specialized organs - leaves, a stalk and a root. St. 300 thousand kinds{views}. Departments: riniofity, mossy, psilotovidnye; plaunovidnye, hvoshchevidnye, paporotnikovidnye, gymnosperm and floral (pokrytosemennye) plants.

HIGHER EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS (high schools), plot experts with higher education for different branches of an economy, science and crop on the basis the secondary education, many conduct also a research work of theoretical and applied{economic} character, execute improvement of professional skill{advanced training} of teachers of the maximum and mean special school and graduated experts. Universities, institutes, the maximum schools, educational academies, conservatories concern to high schools. Periods of training 4-7 flying.

The MAXIMUM ARBITRATION COURT of the Russian Federation, the maximum court of justice under the sanction of economic chaffers and other businesses considered by arbitration courts. Executes in foreseen the federal act remedial forms judicial supervision behind their activity and explains on the judiciary law. The judge of the maximum arbitration court are nominated as Council of Federation on presentation of the President of the Russian Federation. The maximum arbitration court posesses the power to initiate legislation.

The MAXIMUM ATTESTATIVE COMMITTEE of the Russian Federation, is built in 1992, the supreme body of the federal executive authority executing judgment to scientific and scientific and pedagogical workers of scientific degrees and appropriation to science officers of academic statuses. The main task - realization of a unified state policy, a verification of compliance in range of certification of scientific and scientific and pedagogical staff{frames} of the top skills.

The HIGH COUNCIL of NATIONAL ECONOMY (VSNH)... 1) the maximum central organ on steering of a national economy, primarily an industry, in 1917-32. It is built at Advice{Council} of National Commissioners of RSFSR. With education of the USSR - consolidated (sojuzno-republican) narkomat (1923-32). VSNH the USSR supervised over industrial enterprises of allied value, union republics VSNH - remaining. Aboriginal organs: provincial, circumferential sovnarhozy; in 1920-29 - also regional Prombjuro (integrated some provinces). VSNH the USSR is reorganized in 3 narkomata: heavy, mild and a forest industry.... 2) the Maximum state organ on a guiding of an industry and construction at Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1963-65. Aboriginal organs - sovnarhozy.

DISPATCH... 1) in Russia 19 - nach. 20 centuries removal of a face on court or administratively from capitals, fixed provinces or cities with granting or without according a right of choice of domicile outside of the given district.... 2) In the Russian Federation till July, 1 1992 kind{view} of the punishment under criminal law comprising of his{its} habitation at a distance convicted from a place with ban to live at fixed districts.

VYTEGRA, city (with 1773) in the Russian Federation, the Vologda region, in 198 kms from zh.-d. Item Lodejnoe the Field. Landing stage on the Volga-Baltic waterway. 12,9 thousand inhabitants (1992). Metal working; a food-processing industry. A study of local lore museum.

VYTEGRA, the river in northwest of the European part of the Russian Federation. 64 kms, the area of basin 1670 êì2. Escapes from Matkozera, for a headstream it is paired by the Mariinsky channel with r. Kovzha. The eskar runs in Onega. It is sluiced. A part Volga-Baltic a waterway.

REPLACEMENT{EXPULSION}, the protective mechanism of psychics consisting in expulsion{relegation} from consciousness of experiences unacceptable for him{it} - appetences and pulses, and also their derivative - emotions, memories, etc.; one of the main{basic} concepts of a psychoanalysis.

TO HOWL... 1) unit of taxation in Russia 16-17 centuries. With transition to podushnoj podati in nach. 18 century it is substituted tjaglom.... 2) the Structural part sezzhej (prikaznoj) log huts, other title - povytje.

EXTENSION, method of treatment at fractures, dislocations and some diseases of extremities and a backbone by building a pull-rod - by hand-carry or with the help of special apparatuses.

EXTRACT, in medicine - the medicinal form; the same, that an extract.

EXTRACT, in metal working-... 1) the forge operation - increase of length of preparation by a reduction of area of its{her} lateral section (the extract in the smooth anvil blocks calls as drive); implements on tups and presses serial compression with turning movement of preparation on 90 °.... 2) the Die-stamping operation - a convolution of sheet preparation between a punch and a template in a hollow item.... 3) the Proportionality figure, equal to attitude{relation} of lengths of preparation after and up to the operation.

OUTPUT COUNTRY, in Russian state of 11-17 centuries the right of peasants on transition from one feudal lord to other. In 11-15 centuries limited for separate grades of rural population. The litigant 1497 has placed{installed} unified time of an output country (see. JUrjev day). It is forbidden in 80th of 16 century. It is completely cancelled by the Cathedral establishment 1649.

DISMISSAL WAGES, under the Russian right a money, paid to the worker or the employee at dismissal on the fixed groundings (in connection with making redundant, a call to military service, restoration on activity of the worker or the employee, before executed{designed} this activity, etc.).

The DAYS OFF, under the Russian right days of leisure time activities, content the legislation, regulations of the internal labour order or shift schedules. Activity in the days off is supposed only from the sanction profkoma and only in the unusual cases statutory (napr., for an avoidance or liquidation of emergency). For activity in the days off other day of leisure time activities within the nearest two weeks is granted.

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ALTITUDE, in geometry - a cutting of the perpendicular lowered{omitted} from top of geometric pattern (napr., a triangle, a pyramid, a cone) on its{her} grounding (or prolongation of the grounding), and also length of this cutting. An altitude of a prism, the cylinder, a spherical layer, and also truncated in bridge to the grounding of a pyramid and a cone - distance between the top and bottom groundings.

PITCH OF A TONE, quality of a note, the form of perception the person of vibration frequency of a soniferous body. With growth of frequency the pitch of a tone increases.

RISE OF TIDE, rule{situation;position} of a pitch tidal level at present, read out from a chart datum.

ALTITUDE SICKNESS, painful condition at rise on the high altitudes, stipulated by the considerable drop of fractional pressure of oxygen in an inhaled air: feeling of weariness, a vertigo, a headache, a nausea, a pain in ears, a syncope, etc.

ALTITUDE POJASNOST (altitude zonality), objective changeover of natural environments in mountains in accordance with increase of a true altitude. It is accompanied by changes geomorphological, hydrological, soil-building processes, structure of vegetation and fauna. Many features altitude pojasnosti are determined by an exposition of downslopes, their arrangement in relation to prevailing air masses and remoteness from oceans. The figure of belts will routinely increase in high mountains and with an approaching to equator.

HIGH-ALTITUDELY - COMPENSATORY the COSTUME{SUIT}, personal equipment of the pilot for protection against a parasite effect of a pressure fall in an event of a puncture of a sealed compartment by building adjustable external pressure. Together with a pressure helmet it is used at flights at the altitude up to 30 kms.

The ALTIMETER (altimeter), the device directing a flying height of a flight vehicle. A pressure altimeter measure an altitude concerning a departure point, radio altimeters - an altitude above proletaemoj terrain.

VYSOTSK (up to 1948 Uuras), city (with 1940) in the Russian Federation, the Leningrad region, on about. Vysotsky, a port in Finnish a hall. A depot. 1 thousand inhabitants (1991). It is based in nach. 18 century. Peter I as strength Trongzund; in 1918-40 in structure of Finland.

VYSOTSKAJA Olga Sergeevna (r. 1906), the speaker of the All-Union wireless (1932-89), the national actress of the USSR (1980).

VYSOTSKAJA (Wysocka) Stanislav (1878-1941), a Polish actress, the producer. Scenic activity started from Saint Petersburg. Posledovatelnitsa the Moscow Art theatre. Tragedijnaja an actress; has embodied the best modes{images} of national dramatic art.

VYSOTSKY George Nikolaevich (1865-1940), the Ukrainian forester and pedologist, academician VASHNIL (1934) and AN Ukraine (1939). The main{basic} transactionses on safeguarding foresting, soil hydrology, landscape science.

VYSPJANSKY Stanislav (1869-1907), the Polish playwright, the artist, the theatrical figure. Historical ("Legend", 1897) and the modern political dramas ("Discharging", 1903); metaphorical a drama - pamphlet "Wedding" (1901). In graphic and an ornamental art (ekspressivnye sketches of stained glasses on themes of a Polish history, lyrical pastel landscapes and portraits, sketches of furniture, tissues, metal wares, registration of books) aspired{tried} to expression of the national beginning in style "modernist style".

EXHIBITION of ACHIEVEMENTS of the NATIONAL ECONOMY of USSR (VDNH), in 1959-91 permanently reacting{working} all-Union exhibition in Moscow. In terrain VDNH 82 pavilions entered{included} in 7 complexes (1989), with a display area of 200 thousand in m2 and ok. 50 ga the open spaces for demonstrating bulky technique. 300 domestic, foreign and international exhibitions, were annually conducted by 5 thousand conferences, seminars, meetings of scientists and experts which participants became more than 300 thousand person; attendance ok. 11 million person annually, including 600 thousand aliens. About 1992 All-Russia exhibition centre.

"OUTRIGGER BOOM", the maximum officer courses him{it}. Marshal of Soviet Union B.M.Shaposhnikova in Solnechnogorsk of the Moscow region. Are based in 1918. Execute retraining officers of arms of a land forces of a link of shelves - a batallion.

HIGHER MATHEMATICS, set{combination} of the mathematical disciplines, technical curriculum technical and some other special educational institutions; routinely the course of higher mathematics actuates elements of an analytical geometry, a linear algebra, differential calculus, an integral calculus and differential equations.

The MAXIMUM NERVOUS ACTIVITY, activity of the maximum departments of central nervous system (bark of major hemispheres and the subcortical centres), ensuring the most perfect adaptation animal and the person to an environment. In the basis{fundamentals} of the maximum nervous activity conditioned reflexes and the composite unconditioned reflexes (instincts, emotions, etc.) lay. The availability is typical of the maximum nervous human activity not only 1-st signal system which is inherent and animal, but also 2-nd signal system, to the bound with speech and inherent only to the person. The doctrine about the maximum nervous activity is built by I.P.Pavlovym.

"HIGHER SCHOOL", publishing house, Moscow. It is based in 1939 (up to 1959 " the Soviet science "). The educational literature for high schools, mean special and professional educational institutions, a number{series} of log-books.

HIGHER EDUCATION, level of skill of the expert, received in higher educational establishments on the basis full secondary education and confirmed by the conforming diploma.

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HIGH PLATEAU, non-proprietary name of an intermountain semidesert plateau in the Atlas. An altitude of 1100-1200 m in the west, 700-800 m on the orient. It is a lot of hollows with brine lakes (sebhi, shotty).

HIGH TAUERN (Hohe Tauern), mountain ridge Vost. The Alpes. Length of 120 kms, an altitude up to 3797 m (. Grosglokner).

HEATS the INSTITUTE of Russian Academy of Science (IVTRAN), is based in 1962 in Moscow. Probes of properties of substances at heats, processes warmly and mass transfer, development of installations of forward transform of a thermal energy in electrical. There is a branch in Shatura.

HIGH-PROTEIN CROPS, agricultural plants high in protein in a grain and a green material. To high-protein crops attribute pulse crops of crop, the strong of wheat. Are of great importance for a feed of the person, enrichment by a protein of rations agricultural animal.

VYSOKOVICH Vladimir Konstantinovich (1854-1912), the Russian pathologist, an epidemiologist and the bacteriologist. Alongside with I.I.Mechnikovym one of osnovatelej doctrines about reticuloendothelial system. Transactionses on a pathological anatomy of a lues and a tuberculosis, immunity and an epidemiology of some communicable diseases.

The HIGH-VOLTAGE ACCELERATOR, the device for speedup of charged particles by an electric field, to stationary values or weakly varying during all time of a beam acceleration. The electric field forms by the high-voltage generator with the greatest reached pressure{voltage;stress} ok. 20 MV.

VYSOKOVSK, city (with 1940) in the Russian Federation, the Moscow region. A depot. 11,5 thousand inhabitants (1992). Prjadilno-weaving; manufacture of fur-tree toys.

HIGH-MOUNTAINOUS PHYLUM of the RELIEF, morphological phylum of a relief of predominary pullet{predominary young man} highlands (the Alpes, Caucasus, Pamir, the Himalayas, etc.), defined by abrupt downslopes, a steep and sharp erosive partition, a sharpness and nakedness of tops and crests, glacial landforms.

VYSOKOGORSKAJA GROUP of IRON-ORE DEPOSITS, in Ekaterinburg region, in area of Nizhni Tagil. Up to 10 magnetite kontaktovo-metasomaticheskih deposits. The greatest large deposit-. High (it is developed with 1721). It is submitted{shown} plastoobraznymi by deposits of magnetite ores and skarnov, power from 2 up to 20 m. Known reserves 350 million t with mean content Fe of 38 %; production of a loose ore open{discovered} and underground ways.

HIGH, city (with 1940) in Belarus, the Brest region, in 3 kms from zh.-d. An item. Highly - Litovsk. 4,7 thousand inhabitants (1991). Manufacture of a building materials; an oil - mill, etc.

HIGH REVITALIZATION, the season{term} of a history of italian art (kon. 15 - 1-n chetv. 16 centuries) - a classical phase of art crop of Revitalization. In the architecture, painting and a sculpture of High Revitalization (Bramante, Leonardo yes Vinci, Rafael, Mikelandzhelo, Dzhordzhone, Titsian) the Renaissance realism and humanism, heroic ideals have received the generalized, full titanic force expression; monumental majesty, combination of raised ideality, harmony with depth and zoetic brightness of modes{images} are inherent{intrinsic} in art of High Revitalization.

HIGH-MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS, substances with high molecular weight. The majority of high-molecular compounds falls into to polymers.

HIGH-MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS the INSTITUTE of Russian Academy of Science (IVS), is based in 1948 in Leningrad. Probes on building new catalysts, a kinetics and mechanisms of education of macromolecules, properties of natural and synthetic high-molecular compounds.

HIGH-BULK YARN, the same, that a textured thread.

HIGH-SPEED FILMING, filming with frequency over 104 staff / seconds. Apply at probes of stop-actions (at a projection of film with a standard frequency 24 staff / with there is an effect delayed-action).

HIGH-TEMPERATURE REACTOR, name title of a nuclear reactor (routinely grafito-gas) for which the working temperature in an active zone reaches 700 °S. The high-temperature reactor allows to create a power plant with a direct cycle in which the reactor and the turbine are connected directly.

TALL HERBAGE, grassy vegetation an altitude of 2-4 m, developing at a heightened atmospheric humidity and soils. Predominary in mountains, forest boundaries (napr are higher., Caucasus, Altai, and also in mountains of the Far East). The main{basic} representatives of a tall herbage - a cowparsnip, an angelica, a chervil, etc.

HIGH-FREQUENCY WELDING, weldment, at which edge of welded component parts heat up high-frequency currents to their ramollissement or melting away and squeeze. The current in an item is induced{guided} by an inductive or contact way. Use, napr., for a pipe welding from a tape.

HIGH-FREQUENCY DISCHARGE, electric discharge in the gas, originating in an electric field of a high frequency. On a way of a rendering of power distinguish: electrode, electrodeless, one-electrode, MICROWAVE - CATEGORY in cavity resonators and radio waveguides.

RUBBERY STATE, condition of amorphous polymers, in which they are capable to huge (up to hundreds %) to reversible deformations. Speaks that, that chain molecules of polymers can variate the form. The sample polymeric material maintained in rubbery state, - gum.

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VYREZUB, a fish of a set karpovyh. The length up to 72 sm, weighs up to 8 kg. In basins of Black and Azov seas. In a bass. The Caspian m. the subspecies vyrezuba - kutum dwells{lives}. Object of a craft.

VYRY, in vostochnoslavjanskoj mythologies paradise where birds and showers died dwell{live}. Keys from Vyrija remain deposited for a bird.

DEGENERATES Ivan Grigorjevich (?-1564), the clerk, the chief of construction Svijazhska in 1551, siege towers near Kazan (1552), of some strengths in 1557. Voevoda in Astrakhan in 1558-60. It is executed in the season{term} oprichniny.

DEGENERATION, - consists of physics in a volume, that value of some physical quantity defining system, napr., powers, it is equal to different system conditions; the figure of such conditions calls as a degeneracy multiplicity. Degeneration testifies to a fixed symmetry of object (system) and is removed by external actions.

DEGENERATION the TEMPERATURE, temperature, is lower which in gases quantum effects, the bound with identity of particles (see show. Identity a principle). For a Bose gas of degeneration temperature Tâ is peer to temperature, is lower which descends Boze - the Einstein condensation, for Fermi gas of phase change does not descend, and Tv = EF/k, where EF - maximum power of particles at T = 0 (fermi-power), k - Boltsmana a stationary value.

The DEGENERATE GAS, quantum gas at the temperature of is lower than degeneration of temperature Tv. In a theoretical degenerate gas of bosons descends Boze - the Einstein condensation. Degeneration occurs, when a wavelength de Brojlja, conforming to a thermal-motion energy of particles, becomes comparable with mean distance between them. In routine nuclear or molecular gases of degeneration does not descend. For electrons in metals Tv 10000 To, therefore electronic gas in metals - always a degenerate gas.

VYRTSJARV, lake in a central part of Estonia. The area 270 êì2. An average depth of 2,8 m. Into lake runs r. Vjajke-Emajygi, escapes r. Emajygi. It is navigable. Landing stage Jyesuu.

SLASH, in metal working - the operation of a sheet-metal forming - obtaining of flat component parts by branch of a material from preparation on a close circuit in a dinking die (napr., circular preparations for an extrusion of pans).

VYRUBOVA Anna Aleksandrovna (1884-1964), the maid of honour of empress Aleksandry Fedorovny (with 1904). Posrednitsa between imperial family and G.E.Rasputinym. With 1920 in emigration. Memories: " Pages from my life ". Ò. n. " Diary Vyrubovoj " - a forgery.

TRANSPLANTATION, in metal working - the forge operation - building of joint thickenings on rod or tubular billets by reduction of their length (the partial upsetting). Transplantation receive bolts, rivets, flanges on pipes, etc.

SALTING - OUT, secretion of substance from his{its} solution gaining of other substance (salt more often), having the greater dissolubility. A salting - out apply at a soap manufacture, dyes and many other products.

VYSELOK (vyselki), in Russia village settlements, which all inhabitants have moved from other occupied point. Routinely saved the title of a former settlement with add-on of word "Vyselok".

SCRAPING of the UTERUS, surgical operation abortions (abortion) or with other medical or diagnostic purpose (napr., obtaining of a scraping of a mucous membrane of a uterus for consequent histological probe). Carry out{conduct} in a hospital.

The EXPRESSION, the thought expressed the narrative proposal and able to be true or false; in linguistics - unit of the voice dialogue which was made out under laws of the given tongue.

LONGEVITY, the long-lived season{term} of labour activity creating under certain conditions the right on privileges and advantage (money payments, retirement pays, etc.).

" HIGH COMMISSION ", extraordinary court on church affairs in England 16-17 centuries, the instrument English absoljutizma in extirpation with opponents of state anglican church. It is liquidated by the English revolution of 17 century.

RELIEF PRINTING (typographical), one of principal views of a seal{printing} at which the reprint is received from the form having prominent (typing) and deepened (probelnye) elements (drawing). It is used for printing of text issuings (the booklet, the book, the newspaper and so forth).

The scheme of the form and reprint of a relief printing are adduced on a case history.

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FATIGUE LIFE, in a strength of materials - ability of materials and designs to oppose to action of repeated (cyclical) loads.

STIMULATED RADIATION (induced radiance), process of emitting of electromagnetic waves by excited atoms and other quantum systems under action of external (forcing) radiance. Frequency, a phase, polarization and a direction of released and forcing radiance coincide.

FORCED VIBRATIONS, arise in system under action of periodic{batch} external action (napr., forced vibrations of a floating lever under action of periodic{batch} force, forced vibrations in an oscillating circuit under action of periodic{batch} electromotive force). If frequency of influence comes nearer to a free-running frequency of system, there occurs a resonance.

The FRANK PROLAPSE, vyhozhdenie a uterus and walls of a sheath for limits a genital hiatus, is routine for elderly, it is a lot of rozhavshih women having lacerations of the perineum, started soon after stems to heavy physical work. It is quite often accompanied by an incontience wet. It is marked and for animal.

PROLAPSE OF THE RECTUM, the partial or full ectropion of a rectum through an anal orifice at slackening tissues of a perineum and a bottom of a pelvic cavity. Immediate causes: major exercise stresses, traumas, etc. It is marked and for animal.

VAPORIZATION, secretions of dissolved solids or obtaining of the clear solvent execute for concentrating solutions. To vaporization expos predominary water solutions nonvolatile or maloletuchih substances. In an industry vaporization effect in evaporators.

The BITTERN, two stems of birds of a set of herons: major a bittern (4 kinds, length up to 80 sm) and small a bittern, or water shoots (7 kinds{views}, length ok. 35 sm). Legs and a neck are shorter, than for the majority of herons. Are distributed widely.

VYPOLZOK, the national title of an outside keratosic layer of a leather the snakes, dropped by her{it} during a molting.

EXUDATE, the liquid soaking from small-sized blood vessels in a tissue or a perigastrium at an inflammation (see. An exudate), dropsies (see. A transudate).

VYPRAVITELNYE STRUCTURES, the same, that reguljatsionnye structures.

The RECTIFIER ELECTRICAL, the transducer of a variable current flow in permanent. The rectification of a current is routine implements an electrical valve for which phylum distinguish rectifiers electrical: vacuum, discharge, semiconductor, electrocontact. Apply in devices of automatics and a telemechanics, radio engineering (single-phase rectifiers electrical) and to a feed of potent plants (zigzag rectifiers electrical).

RECTIFYING PILE, the rectifier electrical by the way tandem semiconductor elements. Has a high allowable reverse voltage (up to tens kV). Some rectifying piles in a unified body will derivate the rectifier stack assembly.

RECTIFICATION, in the electrical engineer - transformation{conversion} of a current flow of a variable direction to a unidirectional current.

CONVEX CURVE, see in an item. Convex range.

The CONVEX RANGE, the part of a plane having that property, that a cutting bridging its{her} two any point is contained in her bodily. Any cohesive part of border{limit} of convex range calls as a convex curve (are those, napr., a circle and its{her} any arch, a triangle).

CONVEX SURFACE, see in an item. A convex body.

*ÂÛÏÓÊËÎÅ the BODY, a geometric object having that property, that the cutting bridging his{its} two any point is contained in a nem bodily (napr., the body a is convex, the body is not convex). A sphere, a cube - examples of a convex body. Any cohesive part of border{limit} of a convex body calls as a convex surface.

*ÂÛÏÓÊËÎÑÒÜ And the CONCAVE CAMBER, properties of the plot of the function y = f (x) (curve), consisting in a volume, that each arch of a curve is not higher (buldge from top to bottom, or a concave camber up) or is not lower (a concave camber from top to bottom, or buldge up) than its{her} subtending chord.

LEVELLING, in statistics - a method through which receive analytical and actuarial expression of the regularity basing the given empirical lines of statistical data.

INDICATIVE MOTIONS, express mental (especially emotional) conditions animal and the person, intonations of a voice, gestures, etc. show in a facial expression, pantomimike.

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AGGREGATE EXPOSURE, in a photo - time during which light acts on a photosensitive photographic layer.

OTTER (Vydra) Vaclav (1876-1953), the Czech actor. On the scene with 1893. Worked at theatres Plzenja, Prague.

OTTERS, a stem of mammals of a set kunjih. Length of a body ok. 70 sm, a tail 45 see 8 kinds{views}, in Eurasia, Africa, the Sowing. And JUzh. To America. In Russia 1 kind{view} (poreshnja). Dwell{live} bliz fresh water reservoirs. Well float and dive. Eat primarily a fish. Valuable fur-bearing animals. Number of some kinds{views} is reduced; the hunt almost everywhere is forbidden. As otters some other stems of a set kunjih call also.

DRESSING... 1) schooling of the horse to activity in a harness and under saddle.... 2) the Kind{View} of equestrian sport (a higher school of a horseback riding), competitions in skill of steering of the horse on different gaits on a site 20? 40 or 20? 60 m (5-12 mines). In the program of Olympic Games with 1912, world championships with 1966.

PROCEDURE TO CLARE LOST DOCUMENTS VOID, the form of restoration judicially rights under the lost bearer instruments (napr., sberknizhkam).

MISCARRIAGE, see. An abortion.

The SWITCH electrical, a critical parameters: rated voltage and a current. Distinguish switches low (up to 1000 Â) and high (over 1000 Â) pressure{voltage;stresses}.

FILLET, curvilinear concave architectonic oblom in 1/4 circles.

VYKSA, city (with 1934) in the Russian Federation, the Nizhniy Novgorod region, bliz landing stages Doschatoe on r. Oka. A depot. 62,2 thousand inhabitants (1991). Metallurgical, machine-building, metal-working, etc. an industry. It is based in 2-nd floor. 18 century.

The REDEMPTION OPERATION, in Russia in 1861-1906 repayment peasants for landowners of the plots of land given by country reform 1861. The government has paid to landowners the sum of the repayment which peasants should reset for 49 flying on 6 % annually (redemption payments). The sum was estimated from value of a tax which peasants paid to landowners before reform. Collection of payments was stopped as a result of Revolution 1905-07. The government has had time to collect from peasants over 1,6 billion rbl., having received ok. 700 million rbl. of the income.

VYLKO Tyko (Ilya Konstantinovich) (1886-1960), the Nenets artist. The native stanovishcha Belushja a lip. Basically the self-educated person, has become the remarkable master of " naive art ", the writer genre stsenok and landscapes with kinds{views} of native New Land. The ethnographer, the collector of aboriginal folklore is known as well as. In 1924-56 was chairman Novozemelskogo of island Advice{Council}.

VYLCHANOV Rangel (r. 1928), the Bulgarian film director. Films: " the First lesson " (1960), " the Sun and a shade " (1962), " the Inspector and night " (1963), " the Inspector and a wood " (1975), " the Last desires " (1983), etc.

EXTORTION, in a criminal law a request of cession of goods or rights to him{it} under threat violence above a face, in management or under which guarding{preservation} there is this property, violence above his{its} close, announcements of defamatory cramps, liquidations of property. See also Racket.

The FREEZING, secretion of one of components of a slurry or gas mixture at refrigerating is lower than melting point of this component. Apply to concentrating solutions and obtaining of pure substances.

The HEIRLESS PROPERTY, the property which has stayed after mors of the proprietor for want of successors. Under the right of succession passes to the state.

STREAMER (goll. wimpel)... 1) the fine-bored, lengthy, bifurcated flag on the extremity, is hoisted on a spar tree of the ship of war located in float; alongside with an ensign serves as a sign a state fitting of the ship{spacecraft}.... 2) the Special mark (the panel attached to a shaft), is handed to participants of sporting and other contest{races}, exhibitions.... 3) the Case with the bright tape, used at drop from airplanes of reports, letters, etc.

VYM, the river in a north of the European part of the Russian Federation, dextral in-leak{influx} of Vychegda. 499 kms, the area of basin of 25,6 thousand êì2. Driveable. It is navigable on 172 kms from a mouth.

UDDER, mammary glands of mammals. Distinguish: a multiple udder from 4-8 lobes (napr., for a dog, a pig), a udder from 1 pair{vapour;couple} of lobes (for a sheep, a goat) or from 2 fallow, merged in a single whole a udder (for a cow, the horse, etc.).

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WEATHERING of the DEPOSIT, the deposits of the mineral wealths which have arisen over bark of a weathering at decomposition of rocks for a surface of the Earth under influence of water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and also organic and mineral acids. Among a weathering of deposits distinguish infiltratsionnye deposits and residual deposits. To a weathering to deposits some deposits of ores Fe, Mn, S, Ni, bauxites, a caolin, an apatite, barite concern.

DISLOCATION, nonperishable offset of the articulate cleaning cloth of bones for limits of their normal motility, sometimes with a breakage of an articulate ascus and svjazok and an output of the articulate extremity of one of bones from an ascus (at traumas, diseases of joints).

BREEDING, transition from parcels{sendings} to inquests (conclusions) on regulations of logic (see also Deduction).

PROLIFEROUS KIDNEYS, organs some paporotnikovidnyh and seed plants; will be derivated often on leaves (napr., for briofilljuma); are sometimes modified in cloves (for a toothwort and some lilies - in axils of leaves). Are capable to be abjointed from a parent organism and, sprouting to give new plants.

PROLIFEROUS BIRDS, group of birds, which nestlings at once after a hatching from eggs are capable to travel self-contained and even to search I peep, napr., a filling, cranes. Compare. Ptentsovye birds.

LEAD-OUT MARTEN, " a marten wedding ", in Russia 15-16 centuries the wedding duty for the benefit of the state or the feudal lord from relatives of the bride giving in marriage in other principality, volost, city, abroad. Later a lead-out marten called as "breeding", his{its} dimension was determined by the agreement of the parties (it is cancelled for state krestjanok in 1775, for privately owned - after reform 1861).

FLIGHT OF CAPITAL, export of capital, implements private concerns and the state. The capital is taken out in two ground forms: the enterprise capital (an investment in an industry, an agriculture, trade, etc.) and the loan capital (by the way loans). Originally the capital from developed capitalist countries was removed in economically backward countries, colonys and semi-colonial territories. After 2-nd world war characteristic the phenomena the relative{mutual} flood of capitals from one developed capitalist countries in other has become; the considerable role has become to play flight of capital in the form of state loans and credits of international financial organizations.

EXPORT COUNTRY (a breeding country), in Russia 15-16 centuries withdrawal by the feudal lord of peasants from the former master (under the arrangement with them or violently). With introduction reserved a flying alongside with an output country export country has been subjected to the interdiction. The cathedral establishment 1649 has placed{installed} irredeemable investigation on affairs about export country.

VYG, the river in Karelia. Up to a lockin in Vygozero has the title Upper Vyg (135 kms), after escaping him{it} - Lower Vyg (102 kms). The m runs in White. Average discharge of water 267 m3 / with. Lower Vyg logins the Belomorsko-Baltic channel; a coordinated hydroelectric system.

VYGODOVSKY (an ice-film. fam. Duntsov) Paul Fomich (1802-81), the decembrist, the bureaucrat, from peasants. The member of the Society of coherent slavs. It is convicted on 2 years of penal servitude. For antigovernment and antireligious compositions in 1855-71 in the reference in Viljujske.

VYGOZERO (water reservoir Vygozerskoe), in Karelia. The area 1159 êì2. Depth up to 18 m. On Vygozere - Segezha. Logins the Belomorsko-Baltic channel.

PASTURE, plot with a pasture for a grazing of cattle.

VYGONKA plants, obtaining of vegetables (potherb of a parsley, a celery, a green onions), colours (a rose - tree, a lilac, a pink, a tulip), berries (wild strawberry, a grape) in nonseasonal time for them, napr., in the winter. Carry out{conduct} in hothouses, greenhouses, cellars.

DEFLAGRATION (deflagration), transition of a knocking of a blasting explosive in burning; in collieries can call a fire-damp explosion, etc.

VYGOTSKY Lion Semenovich (1896-1934), the Russian psychologist. Has developed the cultural - historical theory which has laid foundation to school in the modern psychology. Transactionses on development of the maximum mental functions, intellection and speeches, psychologies of art.

EXTRADITION OF CRIMINALS (ex-tradition), in the international law drive to the state of the face making a criminal or international crime, for his{its} engaging to the criminal liability or performances{fulfillments} borne concerning him{it} a judgement. Conditions and the order of extradition of criminals are regulated by the international treaty and the national legislation.

EXPULSION, dispatch of aliens from country. Implements by the way the simple instruction to abandon country in fixed time or under compulsion.

SECRETION (excretion), in physiology - discharging of an organism of end - products of an exchange, stranger substances and excess of water, salts and the organic compounds proceeding with nutrition or derivated in an organism. For the person and animal secretion implements primarily through kidneys, and also lungs (or gills), a digestive tract, a leather. For plants metabolic products (water, carbon dioxide, salt, Saccharum, mucilage, essential oils, etc.) are secreted with roots, specialized zhelezkami flowers, leaves, stalks or all surface.

SECRETORY SYSTEM (excretory system), set{combination} of organs for animal and the person, executing secretion. Special organs of secretory system for many Invertebrata - protonefridii, metanephridiums, etc.; for vertebrates - kidneys.

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VULGARIZM, the word or the expression which is inherent to familiar or rough speech.

The VULGAR MATERIALISM, flow in philosophy is grey. 19 century, which representatives (Foht, Bjuhner, Moleshott) extremely simplified materialistic outlook, negated specificity of consciousness, identifying it{him} with a matter (" the brain secretes thought the same as a liver - a gall ").

VULGAR SOTSIOLOGIZM (vulgar sociology), in the marxist literature the notation of abbreviated, straight-line{rectilinear} interpretation of forms of public consciousness (especially philosophy, the literature, art) is extreme as expression of interests of a fixed class, as direct inquest of influence on them of economy or technique.

VULCANO (Vulcano), an island in Tirrenskom m., in archipelago Lipari islands, in structure of Italy. 21,2 êì2. Top of a submerged active volcano (an altitude 499 ì).

VULPIUS (Vulpius) Christian Avgust (1762-1827), the german writer. The writer t. n. The predatory novels, including " Rinaldo Rinaldini " (1797-1800).

VULTURN, see. Evr.

WOOLF Vitaly Jakovlevich (r. 1932), the Russian critic, the doctor of historical sciences. With 1967 in Institute of comparative political science of the Russian Academy of Science. In 1990th read lectures on Russian theatre at universities of Amsterdam and New York. With 1980 cooperates on a television. From 1994 master popular programs " the Silver sphere " (about actors of theatre and kino).

WOOLF George (Jury) Viktorovich (1863-1925), Russian kristallograf, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1921). Has placed{installed} (1913, irrespective of U.L.Bregga) conditions of X-ray diffraction (conditions of the Bragg - Woolf).

WOOLF Eugeny Vladimirovich (1885-1941), Russian botanikogeograf, the florist. The main{basic} activities on probe of plant resources of the world and on a history of science. The expert on a flora and vegetation of Crimea. The writer of reports on efirno-oil-brearing plants, tannic, dyeing and to drug plants.

WOOLF (Wulff) Hilmar (1908-80), the danish writer. Realistic trilogies about workers: " How is the weather in April " (1942), " Such really there is " (1943), " an Ode of transactionses " (1945); novels about the modern Denmark (including "Bad weather", 1950, " the Young man in searches ", 1959).

WULFENITE, mineral of a class of molybdates, Pb [MoO4]. Impurity{additives} Ca, ÒR (infrequent grounds), W, V, U. Crystals, druses, crusts. Hardness ok. 3; firmness of 6,8 g / sm3. It will be derivated in oxidation zone of deposits of lead. Ore of lead.

VULCHI (Vulci), city etruskov in Center. Italy. In 280 up to n. e. It eroded by Romans. Tombs of 7-3 centuries up to n. e., including with paintings.

VUMERA (Woomera), an australian launching site (1946-76) in pieces. JUzh. Australia, in area of. Vumera. Some launch systems, maintenance areas and measuring points. 1-st start of an artificial satellite of the Earth in 1967. It is laid up.

The CHILD PRODIGY (a nem. Wunderkind - the miracle - child), the highly gifted child (sometimes ironical).

VUNDT (Wundt) Wilhelm (1832-1920), the german psychologist, the physiologist, the philosopher, the foreign honorary member Petersburg AN (1902). One of founders of experimental psychology. A central role in spiritual life retracted bullock. Has put forward a conception " an analytical introspection " (see. An introspection). " Psychology of peoples " (t. 1-10, 1900-20) - one of the first experiences of ethnopsychology, contains psychologic interpretation of the myth, religion, art, etc.

VUOKSA (fin. Vuoksi, Vuoksi), the river in Finland and the Russian Federation. 156 kms, the area of basin of 52,4 thousand êì2. Escapes from an eskar. Saimaa, runs in Ladoga an eskar. Average discharge of water over 600 from a river plant. On r. Vuoksa - a waterfall Imatra; Imatra (Finland).

VUOLIJOKI (Wuolijoki) Hella (psevd. JUhani Tervapjaja and Feliks Tuli) (1886-1954), the Finnish writer, the participant of Resistance movement. Wrote in the Estonian and Finnish tongues. Roman " Inhabitants Zatumannogo " (hours 1-2, 1914-33), plays ("Kojdula", 1932, etc.) from the Estonian life. A cycle of realistic plays about generic manor Niskavuori, including "Women Niskavuori" (1936), showing crash of a patriarchal household activities, the play of "Justin" (1937). The autobiographical trilogy (1945-53).

VUPPERTAL (Wuppertal), city in Germany, ground the Sowing. Rhine - Vestfalija. 372,4 thousand inhabitants (1989). A machine industry, textile, chemical, a food-processing industry. The Barman and Elberfeld is derivated in 1929 interflow of cities.

VURGUN Samed (an ice-film. A name and fam. Samed JUsif ogly Vekilov) (1906-56), the Azerbaijan poet, the national poet of Azerbaijan (1943), the public figure, academician AN of Azerbaijan (1945). The collection of verses on construction of new life; poetic dramas "Vagif" (1937), " Farhad and Breadths " (1941), "Person" (1945); a cycle of the verses dedicated Great Domestic war; poems about contemporaries "Mugan" (1949), "Ajgjun" (1951), " the Standard-bearer of eyelid " (1954). Transferred{translated} products{creations} of the Russian literature and literatures of peoples of the USSR. The state premium of the USSR (1941, 1942).

The VAMPIRE, see. The vampire.

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VOLCANIC GASES, the gases secreted with burning mountains both during eruption - eruptivnye, and in the seasons{terms} of his{its} hangover activity - fumarolnye. In their structure pairs{vapours;couples} H2O, H2, HCl, HF, H2S, CO, CO2 are established{installed}, etc. Passing through a zone of underground waters, form hot wells.

VOLCANIC ROCKS (vulcanites), the rocks derivated as a result of eruptions of burning mountains. Distinguish given vent, or effusive (basalts, andesites, trahity, liparity, diabases, etc.), vulkanogenno-detrital, or piroklasticheskie (tuffs, volcanic a breccia), volcanic rocks.

VOLCANIC BAY, see. Utiura.

VOLCANIC ASH, product of crushing and dispersion by volcanic explosions of fluid or solid lavas. The dia up to 2 mm will consist of particles of a dust and sand.

VOLCANIC PLATEAU, in a central part Boreal p-va It is new. Zealand. An altitude of 200-700 m. It is combined by covers of lavas, above which huge cones operational and lost volcanoes - Ruapehu (2797 ì), Tongariro, Ngauruhoe, Egmont are hoisted. Geysers, fumaroly, hot mineral sources. Crowded earthquakes. It is a lot of lakes, including the largest in Oceania an eskar. Taupo. National parks - Tongariro, Urevera, Egmont.

VOLCANIC GLASS, the amorphous volcanic rock which is generatrix at fast congelation of a lava. Almost bodily composes volcanic glass, a pitch stone (pehshtejn), nerlit, a pumice, etc.

VULKANOGENNO-SEDIMENTAL, deposits of ores Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, bauxites and the phosphorites, derivated at a deposition of products of volcanic eruptions at the bottom of ancient seas and oceans.

VULKANOGENNO-SEDIMENTAL, the rocks consisting of a volcanic and sedimental material. Among vulkanogenno-sedimentary rocks distinguish tuffs, tuffity, a jasper, some ore gland, manganese, phosphorites, etc.

VOLCANOLOGIES the INSTITUTE (WILLOWS) of the IED of the Russian Academy of Science, is built in 1963 in Petropavlovske-Kamchatka on the basis Laboratories of volcanology AN the USSR (Moscow), Kamchatka vulkanologicheskoj stations, the Kamchatka geologo-geophysical observatory of Siberian branch AN of the USSR and Pauzhetskoj the kontrolno-observation geothermal station. Probes on the modern terraneous and submerged volcanism, a geothermie, the forecast of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. In 1991 from him{it} the Institute vulkanologicheskoj geology and a geochemistry was secured{discharged}.

VULKANOLOGICHESKOJ GEOLOGY AND the GEOCHEMISTRY the INSTITUTE of the Russian Academy of Science, is built in 1991 in Petropavlovske-Kamchatka on the basis several scientific subdividings of the Volcanology of institute. Probes of material structure of effusive rocks and structures of burning mountains.

VOLCANOLOGY, science about the causes of education of burning mountains, their development, a structure, structure of products of eruptions and regularities of disposition on a surface of the Earth. The first cramps on burning mountains fall into is grey. 1-st thousand up to n. e. See also Paleovulkanologija.

VULLENVEVER (Wullenwever) JUrgen (ok. 1492-1537), the burgher german Lubek; has headed in 1531 tumble, directed against patritsiata, has become (1533) burgomaster. Has conducted in city church reformatsiju. After restoration of an authority patritsiata it is executed.

WOLLONGONG (Wollongong), city in a southeast of Australia, pieces New JUzh. Wales. 238,2 thousand inhabitants (1990). Black and nonferrous machine industry, oil refining, a food-processing industry. Production of mineral coal.

VULMEN (Woolman) John (1720-72), the American priest and the writer. The writer of instructive tracts (including " Some speculations about possession of Negros ", 1754) and pithy "Diary".

VULSI Ò., see T.

VULF (Woolf) Virginia (1882-1941), the English writer and the literary critic. Novels "Mrs. Dellouej" (1925), " To a beacon " (1927), "Waves" (1931) are noted by features eksperimentatorstva, are close to the literature of " a torrent of consciousness ".

VULF (Wolfe) Thom (r. 1931), the American writer, the artist and the art critic. One of creators t. n. " New journalism ", the representative of priest - crop. The writer ocherkovyh books " Konfetnoraskrashennaja apelsinnolepestkovaja the streamlined baby " (1965), " Drug testas an electrized beverage " (1968, about K.Kizi), etc.

VULF (Wolfe) Thomas Klejton (1900-38), the American writer. Liroepicheskie novels about the romantic conflict of the worker - sozidatelja and the world of inspirituality, social cruelty (" Look at the dwelling, the Angel ", 1929; " About time and about the river ", 1935; " Home return no " 1940) have developed in the modern " the novel of education ", symbolically amalgamating the facts of life of creatively tuned American up to a parable about generality of single human experience. Stories (" Portrait Baskoma Hoka ", 1932), stories, plays.

VULVOVAGINITIS (from an armour. vulva - outside women sexual organs and vagina - a sheath), inflammatory disease of outside sexual organs and sheaths (see also the Vaginitis), is more often - for want of hygienic maintenance{drift}. The causes: placing on record in sexual ways of pathogenic microbes or helminths (oxyuris). Developments: red discoloration, an itch of outside sexual organs, leucorrhea.

VULGARIZATION (from an armour. vulgaris - dace, idle time), the rough simplification of any concept master to distortion of sense; oposhlenie.

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VUDVORTS (Woodworth) Robert (1869-1962), the American psychologist. Has put forward a conception dynamic psychology; having dismissed basic concept of behaviorism " the stimulant - reaction ", has offered to include in it{her} an intermediate joint - an organism and his{its} installations.

VUDZHER (Woodger) Joseph Genri (1894-1981), the English philosopher and the biologist. Has undertaken the regular analysis of the main{basic} contrasts of biology (mehanitsizm and the vitalism, structure and function, an organism and medium, etc.), has constructed the first axiomatic theories of biology.

VUKOBRATOVICH Miomir (r. 1930), the Serbian scientist, the foreign member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; foreign member AN the USSR with 1988). The main{basic} transactionses on automatics, control theory robotic systems.

VUKOVAR (Vukovar), city and a port in Croatia, on Danube. 54 thousand inhabitants (1991, with suburbs). Boot, textile, a food-processing industry.

VUKOTICH Dushan (r. 1927), a film director - intensifier. One of osnovatelej the Zagreb school of animated cartoon. Films: "Pikkolo" (1960), (1962 "Game), " the Spot on conscience " (1968), "Grasshopper" (1975), " Stay from the Galaxy " (1981), etc.

VUKTYL, city (with 1984) in the Russian Federation, Republic Komi, landing stage on r. Pechora. 19,0 thousand inhabitants (1992.) Center of a gas condensate deposit. The beginning of a gas-pipe " Glowing of the North " (Vuktyl - Ukhta - Torzhok).

VUKTYLSKOE the DEPOSIT gas condensate, in the Russian Federation, Republic Komi (the Timano-Pechora oil-and-gas-bearing province). It is open{discovered} in 1964. Deposits on depth of 2,2-3,5 kms. Beginning inventories of gas 388,1 billion in m3. The content of methane up to 85 %, a condensation moisture of 352 g / m3. Center of production-. Vuktyl.

VUL Bentsion Moiseevich (1903-85), Russian physics, academician AN the USSR (1972), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1969). Transactionses on physics of dielectrics and semiconductors, a quantum electronics. The lenin premium (1964), the State premium of the USSR (1946).

VULVERHEMPTON (Wolverhampton), city in the Great Britain, suburb of Birmingham. 249 thousand inhabitants (1991). A machine industry, manufacture of hardware, metallurgy.

VULIAGMENI, balneoklimatichesky a health resort in Greece, on p-ove Attica, on coast a hall. Saronikos Egejskogo m., to a southeast from Athenes. Thermal (ok. 25 °S) radon hloridno-natrivye mineral waters. Bliz a health resort - mineral an eskar. Vuliagmeni.

VULIS Abram Zinovjevich (r. 1928), the Russian literary critic, the Doctor of Philology (1973). The main{basic} orb of interests - a history of the Soviet literature, the theory satyrs. Books: " I.Ilf, E.Petrov " (1960), " the Soviet satirical novel. Evolution of a genre in 20-30-Ñ years " (1965), " In laboratory of laughter " (1966), " Metamorphosises comic " (1976), " In the world of adventures: Poetics of a genre " (1986), " Vacancies in it is washed an album " (1989).

BURNING MOUNTAIN, in Roman mythology the god of fire, the promoter of smithcraft. Corresponds{meets} grech. Gefestu.

BURNING MOUNTAIN (from an armour. vulcanus - fire, a flame), the geologic education originating above channels and cracks in earth crust on which on a surface are erupted a lava, ash, hot gases, water vapour and rock wastes. Distinguish operational, fallen asleep and lost volcanoes, and under the form - central, erupted of a central lead-out aperture, and fracture, which apparatuses look like gaping cracks or of some small cones. Main bodies of the volcanic apparatus: magmatic the locus (in earth crust or the upper mantle); the orifice - an outlet channel on which the magma is hoisted to a surface; a cone - a high ground on a surface of the Earth from products of blowout of a burning mountain; a crater - a deepening on a surface of a cone of a burning mountain. The modern burning mountains are located along large faults and tektonicheski mobile ranges (primarily on islands and coasts Quiet and Atlantic ok.) . Active active volcanoes: Klyuchevskaya Sopka and Avachinskaja the Mound (Kamchatka, the Russian Federation), Vesuvius (Italy), Izalco (El Salvador), Mauna Loa (the Hawaiian islands), etc.

VULCANIZATE, the same, that gum.

VULCANIZATION, metamorphosis{transformation} of rubber into the gum, carried out including t. n. Curing agents (napr., sulfur, organic peroxide compounds, some synthetic resins) or under action of ionizing radiation. As a result of a vulcanization toughness, hardness, elasticity are increased, is warm also frost resistance of rubber, his{its} dissolubility in organic solvents is sinked.

VOLCANISM, set{combination} of the phenomena stipulated by penetration of a magma from depths of the Earth on its{her} surface.

VOLCANIC SIERRA (Pacific Kordiljera), a circuit of the volcanic cones, extended along the Pacific shore Center. America. Active volcanoes: Tajumulco (4217 m, a peak level Center. America) in Guatemala, Santa Ana, Izalco (El Salvador), Irazu (Costa Rica), etc.

VOLCANIC CHARGES, the tear-out of the cooled down lava dumped at eruption of burning mountains in fluid or plastic condition and accepting spherical, spindle-shaped and other forms. A diameter of volcanic charges from several sm up to 5-7 m.

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The SECOND BULGARIAN KINGDOM, on Balkan p-ove the state in 1187-1396. It was formed as a result of liberation revolt 1185-87 against domination of Byzantium. Capital - Tyrnovo. In it is grey. 14 century were secured{discharged} principality Dobrotitsa (Dobrudja; in nach. 15 century are seized by Turks), the rest has broken up ok. 1363 on Tyrnovskoe and Vidinskoe kingdoms (are conquered by Turks accordingly in 1393 and 1396).

The SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS, one of fundamental laws of thermodynamics, law of degradation of energy: in selfcontained, i.e. isolated in thermal and mechanic attitude{relation}, system the entropy or remains invariable (if in system weep reversible{convertible}, equilibrium processes), or will increase (at nonequilibrium processes) and in equilibrio peaks. Other equivalent ôîðìóëèðîâêè:... 1) heat passage from a body of more cool to a body more heated without any other changes in system or an environment (R.Klauzius) is impossible;... 2) it is impossible to create periodically operational (committing any thermodynamic cycle) the machine which all activity would be reduced to raising some freight (mechanic activity) and according to refrigerating of the thermal reservoir{tank} (U.Tomson, M.Plank);... 3) it is impossible to construct a perpetuum mobile of 2-nd stem (V.Ostvald).

The SECOND HOME GUARD Nizhniy Novgorod, has arisen in Nizhni Novgorod in September 1611 for extirpation with Polish interventionists. Comprised of orders of noblemen, town-dwellers, peasants of central and boreal areas of Russia, the Volga region. The chief - K.M.Minin and prince D.M.Pozharsky. In August 1612 with a part of forces of the First home guard has divided Polish army under capital, in October has released Moscow.

The SECOND BRANCH of Natural his{its} imperial majesty of office (1826-82), organ of codification of laws of Russian empire. Emitted " Full collection of laws " (1 izd. - 1830) and " the Canopy of laws of Russian empire " (1 izd. - 1832).

"SECOND COMING", in Christian mythology 2 occurrence{appearance} of the Christ on the Earth in " the extremity of the world " (after completion of an earth survival of mankind) for realization of "great assize". Figuratively: indefinitely far time.

The SECOND SERBIAN REVOLT 1815, against an osmanli press. Actual prolongation of the First Serbian revolt 1804-13. The chief - Milosh Obrenovich. Has ended in the partial success (Serbs have achieved a restricted internal autonomy).

The DEUTERONOMY, the fifth book of the Pentateuch.

The SECOND NOTE, as against a routine note (mechanic waves in elastic mediums) slabozatuhajushchie the temperature waves extending in superfluid liquid helium. Speed of the second note near to an absolute zero of temperature in time is less than speed of a routine note also will vanish in transformation point of helium from superfluid in a normal condition.

The BARREL, machinery parts or devices by the way the hollow cylinder (cone) into which aperture the interfaced component part enters. Barrels are solid and split.

VTEK, see. A medical labour commission of experts.

VU (Woo) John (r. 1948), the Hongkong film director. Lives and works in Hollywood. One of few Asian producers becoming commercial leaders of the Hollywood kino in films of action. Has exerted influence many pullet{young man} colleagues - Americans, including on K.Tarantino. In turn, Vu has produced the style, combining traditions of eastern and western kino. In the USA has removed films "Killer" (1989), "Abrupt" (1992), " the Refractory target " (1993), " the Broken boom " (1995), etc.

VU TSZJANSJUN (r. 1912), the American physics - experimenter. Was born in China, with 1940 in the USA. Probes on a nuclear physics. First experimentally has proved (1957) nesohranenie parities in beta decay.

VUAZEN (Voisin) Gabriel (1880-1973), the French aircraft designer and the industrialist, one of pioneers of aircraft. The first airplanes has created in 1907. Airplanes Vuazena have constituted the basis{fundamentals} French bomber and a reconnaissance aviation before 1-st world war and in the first military years when the firm " Vuazen an airplane " issued airplanes of eleven main{basic} phylums.

VUALEHVOSTY, the aquarian fishes introduced as a result of the long-lived selection of mutant forms of a silver crucian. A tail by the way fogs. It is a lot of ornamental forms.

WOOD (Wood) a Henry Joseph (1869-1944), the English conductor, the teacher. The chief and the organizer of "Promenad-concerts" (with 1895) and other shared symphony concerts. Propagandized Russian and Soviet music. The musical and literary compositions (psevd. P.Klenovsky).

WOOD Robert Williams (1868-1955), the American physics - experimenter, foreign honorary member AN the USSR (1930). Transactionses on physical optician. Has discovered and probeed a resonance emission of steams{vapours} Na and Hg and has advanced methods of spectroscopy. Has put in pawn a fundamentals ultra-violet and an infra-red photography.

WOOD the ALLOY, fusible (tïë68 °S) alloy Bi (50 %), Pb (25 %), Sn (12,5 %) and Cd (12,5 %). It is applied in some fireproof devices and advertisers, to manufacturing casting patterns, a filling up of metallographic microsections, etc. It is offered in 1860 English engineer B.Wood.

WOOD - BAFFALO (Wood Buffalo), national park in northwest of Canada. It is based in 1922. The area of 4428 thousand ga. Conifers and mixed forests, bogs. The largest population of bisons (over 50 individuals wood and 12 thousand steppe), a black bear, deers, the moose, a beaver; a unique place of a nesting of white American cranes.

VUDVORD (Woodward) Robert Burns (1917-79), American chemists - organics, foreign member AN the USSR (1976). Has executed{has come true} synthesis of active agents much{many} biologically (quinine, Cortisonum, chlorophyll, vitamin Â12, etc.). Has placed{installed} a structure of ferrocene (1952, together with Dzh. Wilkinson). Has formulated a number{series} of the regulations used in structural chemistry. Together with R.Hofman has developed rules, predicting a reactivity of organic compounds (rule Vudvorda - Hofman, 1965). The Nobel Prize (1965).

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The COUNTER CLAIM, in a civil procedure the lawsuit of a transponder to the claimant, stated in court or arbitration in already arisen process. It is considered together with the initial claim. Under the Russian right strikes root, if he is directed to offset of the initial claim if the satisfaction of the counter claim excludes in full or in part satisfaction of the initial claim, etc. Joint consideration of the initial claim and the counter claim promotes faster and correct consideration of chaffers. The counter claim irrespective of his{its} jurisdiction is presented in the court construing the initial claim, with observance{holding} of common rules of suing.

The INTRODUCTION, in music - section of the piece of music, preforming occurrence{appearance} of one of his{its} parts; in operas, large vokalno-tool{vokalno-instrument} compositions - a stem of the overture (see also the Introduction, the Prelude).

GERMINATING SEEDS, ability of seeds to give for the law day normal sprouts or shoots. It is determined by attitude{relation} (in %) figures it is germ (laboratory germinating seeds) or shoots (a field germination rate of seeds) to figure vysejannyh seeds.

"STUFF", the weekly, Saint Petersburg, 1769 (52 extensions{issues}), 1770 (18 extensions{issues}). The issuing was led by G.V.Kozitsky, secretary Ekaterina II, under a secret guiding of the empress.

The SECOND EMPIRE, in France the season{term} of board of emperor of Napoleon III (on December, 2 1852 - on September, 4 1870). The end of the Second empire was put with September revolution 1870.

The SECOND SOLAR ESCAPE VELOCITY, see. Parabolical speed.

The SECOND SIGNAL SYSTEM which is inherent to the person system of conditioned-reflex communications{connections}, speech signals formed at influence, i.e. not a direct stimulus, and his{its} verbal notation. The second signal system arises on the basis the first signal system during a people-to-people contact. Concept about the second signal system has entered into 1932 I.P.Pavlov.

SECONDARY PERIGASTRIUM, the same, that the whole.

METANEPHROS, the same, that a metanephros.

SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION, emitting of electrons (secondary) solid and fluid bodies at bombing their surface by primary electrons. It is used for intensifying electronic torrents in electrical vacuum devices, napr., in photomultiplier tubes.

VTORICHNOROTYE, the sub-section of the animal kingdom, including Echinodermata, poluhordovyh and chord. As against Protostomia, for vtorichnorotyh the actinostome for the mature animal will be derivated not from a mouth of a germ, and arises anew.

SECONDARY QUALITIES, in philosophy - see. Primary and a secondary qualities.

SECONDARY MINERALS, the minerals which are generatrix at the expense of chemical destruction or replacement before secured{discharged} minerals.

SECONDARY RESOURCES{SAFE LIFES}, raw material, materials, items and waste products of manufacture which will be derivated at production and can be hereinafter applied in production at manufacturing new production. Use of secondary resources{safe lifes}, as a rule, is economically more preferable than production, enrichment and preparation of primary resources{safe lifes}. Principal views of secondary resources{safe lifes}: a breakage and waste products black, colour and precious metals, spent petroleum, paperstock, rubber-containing waste products.

VTOROV Nikolay Aleksandrovich (1866-1918), the Russian financial figure, the businessman. The master of company " A.F.Vtorov with synovjami " (large trade in Siberia) and of some industrial enterprises. Has based the Moscow industrial bank (1916), has created (to 1917) untrimmed - financial concern.

" SECOND 1th MARCH ", in historical, memuarnoj and fiction the title of an abortive attempt of attempt of 1.3.1887 members of a terrorist fraction of " National will " on emperor Alexander III, see "Pervomartovtsy".

to " The SECOND TANK ", the eurysynusic title of the Volgo-Ural oil-and-gas-bearing province, the second (after Baku) bases an oil industry of the USSR in 1940 - nach. 50th.

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"ÂÑÅÑÂIÒ" (" All world "), the Ukrainian political, literary and art criticism illustrated magazine, Kharkov, 1925-34.

VSESLAV BRJACHISLAVICH (? - 1101), prince Polotsk (with 1044). In 1066 has trapped and has burnt Novgorod. In 1067 - in a film in Kiev; it is professed by the Kiev prince during popular uprising (1068), in the beginning of depressing{supression} of it{him} ran to Polotsk.

ALL-UNION COMMUNIST PARTY (bolsheviks) VKP (á), the title of the CPSU in 1925-52.

ALL-UNION AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITION (VSHV), display{demonstration} of achievements of a farm - production and science (on the republics, separate native zones, branches). Acted permanently in Moscow (Ostankino) in 1939-1941 (the area 140 ga, 250 buildings) and 1954-58 (the area 207 ga, 383 buildings). Total number of participants over 2,3 million person, visitors over 40 million person. In 1958 was part of the Exhibition of achievements of a national economy of USSR (VDNH).

The ALL-UNION STUDIO GRAMZAPISI, master artistic - industrial enterprise of firm " Melody " in Moscow. It is based in 1957 (with 1919 - branch " Soviet plate " at TSentropechati). Annually effects 1 thousand new records. In a record library ok. 50 thousand titles. In 1991 on its{her} base the creative manufacturing installation " Russian disc " is based.

The ALL-UNION LENIN COMMUNIST UNION of YOUTH (VLKSM), youth political organization. It is built on 1-st All-Russia cross-over of the unions of working and country youth on October, 29 1918, the Russian communist union of youth (RKSM), with 1924 - RLKSM, with 1926 - VLKSM calls. 22-nd extraordinary cross-over VLKSM (September 1991), has considered reached{settled} political role VLKSM as federations of the communist unions of youth.

ALL-UNION CENTRAL ADVICE{COUNCIL} of LABOR UNIONS (All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions), up to 1990 authority of trade unions of the USSR in intervals{interspaces} between cross-overs.

VSEHSVJATSKY Sergey Konstantinovich (1905-84), the Russian and Ukrainian astronomer, the professor managing stand of astronomy of the Kiev university (1939-81). Has predicted (1960) existence of a ring around of the Jove, has proved existence of a solar wind and fast desintegration of periodic{batch} comets. Has created (1958) fundamental transactionses " Physical performances of comets " and a series of additions{appendices} to it{him}, emitted up to 1974.

DEPOSIT OPENING, realization of mining outputs (trenches, pump shafts, bucket wells, etc.), discovering access from a surface to deposits of mineral wealths.

DISSECTION of the RIVERS, process of destruction of the ice sheet, descending baking plate influence of heat and the mechanical forces, resulting intensive flow of water. Dissection of the rivers of the European part of Russia, current with a north on the south (Volga, Don), starts in a lower reaches and gradually displaces up on the river owing to what the drifting of the ice extends on time. On the rivers of Siberia current from the south north-up (Ob, Yenisei, Lena), dissection starts in verhovjah, that often results in education of ice blocks in a lower reaches.

NECROPSY, the same, that an autopsy.

VSNH, see. The high council of a national economy.

PLOUGHING, simultaneous oborachivanie, kroshenie and agitating{stirring} of soil by mouldboard ploughs, the main{basic} method of its{her} machining. Sustains a porosity of an arable layer, extirpates weeds, pests and causal organisms of diseases. In areas with a wind erosion apply also ploskoreznuju a soil cultivation.

AUXILIARY PROCESS, part of a production activity of the enterprise, necessary for service of the main{basic} manufacture: manufacturing and repair of a means of technological equipment, maintenance of the enterprise by all kinds{views} of power, repair of buildings and structures, economic stock, etc.

AUXILIARY HISTORICAL DISCIPLINES (special historical disciplines), study fixed kinds{views} or the separate parties of the form and the content of historical sources (a genealogy, heraldry, diplomatics, a historical metrology, numismatics, paleography, sfragistika, chronology, etc.).

FLARE STARS (such as UV the Whale), a version eruptivnyh variable stars, cool red dwarfs with bright lines of hydrogen and a calcium in a spectrum, for which in some day (it is rare - hours) short-lived increase of luster is supervised.

"VSPYSHKOPUSKATELI", the title revolutionary narodnicheskogo a mug in Saint Petersburg in 1874 (I.I.Kablits-Juzov, etc.). Aspired{tried} to raise country revolt, in the summer 1874 - participants " boatings in people ", members of " the Kiev commune ". Are convicted on " to process 193 ".

COLLIDING BEAMS, experimental research technique of fundamental particles, in which two bunches of speedup of charged particles (electrons, protons, positrons, antiprotons, etc.) move towards one another, interacting on a plot of meeting. The boost installation with colliding beams calls as a collider.

COUNTER CROCKED EGGS (counter battle), troop operations at which both parties aspire to decide tasks in view approach.

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The OVERALL ITALIAN CONFEDERATED STATES of the TRANSACTIONSES, the largest national proftsentr Italy. It is based in 1944.4,5 million members (1992).

The OVERALL CONFEDERATED STATES of TRANSACTIONSES of France, the largest national proftsentr. It is based in 1895. Enters into World federation of trade unions. 1,3 million members (1988).

OVERALL, in philosophy - see. Single, especial and overall.

The OVERALL ELECTIVE FRANCHISE, according a right of voting of representative bodies of the government to all citizens who have reached{achieved} fixed age without any limitations by voting qualifications (see. Qualifications selective). As a rule, it is fixed in the constitution.

GENERAL EDUCATION (vseobuch, overall education), obtaining by all children of school age of a fixed educational level, content the legislation of country.

OVERALL HISTORY the INSTITUTE of the Russian Academy of Science, studies a history of foreign countries. It is built in 1968 in Moscow.

The ALL-RUSSIA STATE TELEVISION AND BROADCASTING COMPANY, is derivated in 1990. Actuates the Russian television (conducts drives on the Russian channel) and the Wireless of Russia. Executes television and broadcasting in terrain of the Russian Federation.

The ALL-RUSSIA ORGANIZATION of WAR VETERANS, TRANSACTIONSES, ARMED FORCES AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES, is built in 1992 in Moscow on the basis of the Soviet committee of war veterans (SKVV). Conducts activity on social protection of veterans.

The ALL-RUSSIA EXTRAORDINARY COMMISSION of a software of LIQUIDATION of ILLITERACY (VCHKLB) at Narkomprose RSFSR, supervised in 1920-30 education{learning} illiterate and illiterate. It is derivated by Advice{Council} of National Commissioners of RSFSR on June, 19 1920 for fulfilment 1919 decrees adopted on December, 26 about wiping out of illiteracy of the population from 8 up to 50 flying. The help of a commission the society " Doloj rendered illiteracy " (ODN, 1923-36).

The ALL-RUSSIA EXHIBITION CENTRE, is built in Moscow on the basis Exhibitions of achievements of a national economy of the USSR in December 1991. Primal problems: assistance to establishment of direct couplings between commodity producers and consumers, republics, edges{boundarice} and ranges; development of jarmarochno-exhibition activity; organization of exchange, intermediary and educational activity; education{learning} of experts in conditions of market economy, etc.

The ALL-RUSSIA CROSS-OVER of ADVICES{COUNCILS}, under Constitutions of RSFSR 1918 and 1925 supreme body of the government of RSFSR. It was formed of representatives of municipal councils and representatives of cross-overs of Advices{Councils} provincial (regional) and autonomous republics. Verossijsky the Cross-over of Advices{Councils} elected him{it} the All-Russia Central Executive committee (VTSIK).

ALL-RUSSIA CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (VTSIK), the maximum legislative, administrative and monitoring public authority of RSFSR in 1917-1937. It was elected by the All-Russia cross-over of Advices{Councils} and acted in the seasons{terms} between cross-overs. Before education of the USSR actuated also members from Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR, izbiravshihsja on republican cross-overs of Advices{Councils}. Chairman VTSIK - L.B.Kamenev [c 9.11 (27.10) 1917], J.M.Sverdlov [with 8 (21) .11.1917], M.I.Kalinin (with 30.3.1919).

The ALL-RUSSIA MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY at the Russian Academy of Science, is built in 1992 on the basis of the All-Union mineralogical society at AN the USSR, arisen in 1947 as the assignee established in 1817 St.-Petersburg mineralogical societies. Among figures: V.M.Severgin, D.I.Sokolov. Central board - in Saint Petersburg. In 1993 - 1700 members.

The ALL-RUSSIA SOCIETY (ALL-UNION ASSOCIATION) of PROLETARIAN ARCHITECTS, see. VOPRA.

The ALL-RUSSIA SOCIETY DEAD (VOG), the public organization, appends people with a limitation of ear to transactionses, raises the level their general educational and a professional knowledge. It is based in 1926. Central board - in Moscow. Emits the log-book " In unified I plot ".

The ALL-RUSSIA SOCIETY of INVENTORS AND RATIONALIZERS (VOIR), is built in 1991 on the basis the All-Union society of inventors and rationalizers (it is based in 1958). Republican advice{council} - in Moscow. In 1992 ok. 3,5 million members.

The ALL-RUSSIA SOCIETY of the PROTECTION OF MONUMENTS of the HISTORY AND CROP, the voluntary mass public organization, invoked to promote state organs of a protection of monuments. It is based in 1966. Central advice{council} - in Moscow. Has sections of the architecture, graphic and a folk art, historical monuments, etc.

The ALL-RUSSIA SOCIETY of NATURE PROTECTION, the mass voluntary agency established in 1924. Primal problems - education of careful attitude{relation} to a nature, engaging of the population to activity on guarding{preservation}, correct use and restoration of natural resources, municipal forestry, etc. Central advice{council} - in Moscow.

The ALL-RUSSIA SOCIETY BLIND (VOS), the public organization, appends people with a limitation of sight (blind, cecutient) to transactionses, raises the level their general educational and a professional knowledge. It is based in 1925. Emits the log-book " our life ".

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WORLD FEDERATION of TWIN TOWNS (VFPG), the international non-governmental organization, which purpose - strengthening of amicable communications{connections} between cities of different countries. It is based in 1957. In 1989 integrated over 3500 cities more than 160 states. A residence - Paris. With 1963 under initiative VFPG World day of twin towns (on the last Sunday of April) is marked.

WORLD FEDERATION of TRADE UNIONS (VFP). It is based in 1945. The aggregate number over 213 million person (1992) integrates national proftsentry 81 countries.

UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION the LAW (the Newton the law of gravitation), force F of interattraction of mass points with masses m1 and m2, located apart r from each other, is peer: F = Gm1m2/r2, where G - a gravitational constant.

UNIVERSAL TIME (universal time), mean solar time of a prime meridian. For a prime meridian the line of longitude of an observatory in a Greenwich (Great Britain) conditionally strikes root.

WORLD MOTION ESPERANTISTOV FOR MIR (VDEM), the organization supporting use of an international language esperanto in the capacity of of a means of rendezvous{approach} and mutual understanding between peoples in interests of a strengthening of peace. It is built in 1953. Headquarter VDEM - on a residence of the secretary general.

WORLD ECONOMY, see. The world economy.

WORLD FESTIVALS of youth and students, mass festivals of youth of miscellaneous countries. With 1947 on 1989 13 festivals are conducted: on July, 25 - on August, 16 1947 in Prague; on August, 14-28 1949 in Budapest; on August, 5-19 1951 in Berlin; on August, 2-16 1953 in Bucharest; on July, 31 - on August, 14 1955 in Warsaw; on July, 28 - on August, 11 1957 in Moscow; on July, 26 - on August, 4 1959 in Vienna; on July, 27 - on August, 5 1962 in Helsinki; on July, 28 - on August, 6 1968 in Sofia; on July, 28 - on August, 5 1973 in Berlin; on July, 29 - on August, 7 1978 in Havana; on July, 27 - on August, 3 1985 in Moscow, on July, 1-8 1989 in Pyongyang.

WORLD MOUNTAIN CONGRESS, the international non-governmental organization, integrating experts and scientists of the miscellaneous countries working in range of assimilation of deposits of solid mineral wealths. The first World mountain congress was comprised in 1957, with 1958 2-3 years are convoked each.

WORLD POSTAL UNION (VPS), international intergovernmental organization, the specialized agency of the United Nations (with 1947). It is built in 1874 for maintenance of organization and perfecting of an international post service (up to 1878 - the Overall postal union). For January, 1 1992 members VPS 169 countries comprised (including. Russia). A residence - Bern.

WORLD FOOD ADVICE{COUNCIL} (VPS), the organ coordinating in system of the United Nations activity, the bound with international cooperation in range of manufacture of the foodstuffs and trade in him{it}. It is established in 1975. Secretary VPS - in Rome.

WORLD ADVICE{COUNCIL} of WORLD (VSM), the authority of Motion of supporters of peace. It is built in 1950. Represents over 200 national organizations from more than 150 countries. The president - E.Maheras (with 1990). Secretary VSM - in Helsinki.

WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES (VSTS), the authority of ecumenic movement. It is built in 1948. In VSTS enter (1991) over 300 churches (ok. 100 countries), primarily Protestant, and also orthodox and other. A residence - Geneva.

The WORLD UNION of NATURE PROTECTION, since December 1990 title of the International union of nature protection and natural resources (MSOP).

WORLD FUND of WILDERNESS (VVF), the international non-governmental organization engaging raising of money from the states, public organizations and private persons for building concrete designs on guarding{preservation} wildings and natural epines. It is based in 1961. Together with the International union of nature protection and natural resources, the UNESCO, Food and selskohozjajstvenoj organization of the United Nations and other will organize and finances the conforming measures (napr., " the Operation a tiger " - the world count of tigers and building for them wildlife reserves). Has natural issuings. The Golden medal is established.

ALL-NIGHT (all-night vigil), the worship service of an orthodox church committed before Sundays and separate holidays. Integrates services great vecherni, matins and 1-st hour. Writers of the musical cycles under the title "All-night" for chorus and a chapel: P.I.Chajkovsky, A.A.Arhangelsky, A.T.Grechaninov, P.G.Chesnokov, S.V.Rakhmaninov, etc.

The OVERALL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, is adopted by General Assembly of the United Nations on December, 10 1948. Professes the personal right, civil both political rights and freedom (equality of all before the law, the common right on freedom and security of person, right of conscience, etc.), and also socio economic rights (on transactionses, a community service, leisure time activities, etc.). Under the resolution of General assembly of the United Nations (1948) on December, 10 it is marked as Day of the human right.

GENERAL STRIKE 1926 in the Great Britain, the largest in a history of country (5 million participants). Passed in May (mine workers striked till November, 30). Has called motion of solidarity of working class of many countries.

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VSEVOBUCH, overall military education{learning} of citizens of the USSR. It was conducted according to decree VTSIK in 1918-23. Existed{breathed} also during Great Domestic war.

VSEVOLOD I JAROSLAVICH (1030-93), prince perejaslavsky (with 1054), Chernigov (with 1077), grand duke Kiev (with 1078), son Jaroslava Wise. Together with brothers Izjaslavom and Svjatoslavom combated half-sheeps, participat in drawing up of " Truth JAroslavichej ".

VSEVOLOD II OLGOVICH (?-1146), prince Chernigov (1127-39), grand duke Kiev (with 1139). The participant princely mezhdousoby.

VSEVOLOD III MAJOR NEST (1154-1212), grand duke vladimirskiy (with 1176), son Jury Dolgorukogo. Successfully struggled with znatju; has subordinated Kiev, Chernigov, Ryazan, Novgorod. In his{its} board the Vladimiro-Suzdal Russia has reached{achieved} the best bloom. Had 12 children (from here a nickname).

VSEVOLOD MSTISLAVICH (?-1138), prince Novgorod (1117-36, with rests), Pskov (with 1137). Has committed a number{series} of marchings to Baltic and the Rostov ground; in 1132 and 1136 it was proscribed rising novgorodtsami.

VSEVOLODOV Vsevolod Ivanovich (1790-1863), one of founders of veterinary science and education in Russia. Basically transactionses " the Course of cattle breeding " (kn. 1-2, 1836-37) has considered problems of a veterinary science, a zootechny and other from items of evolution of fauna.

VSEVOLODSKIJ-GERNGROSS Vsevolod Nikolaevich (1882-1962), the Russian theatrologist, the doctor of art criticism, the professor. The main{basic} transactionses on a history of old russian and Russian theatre of 18 century.

VSEVOLOZHSK, city (with 1963) in the Russian Federation, the Leningrad region. A depot. 33 thousand inhabitants (1992). A dairy mill.

VSEGRECHESKOE SOCIALIST MOTION (in abbreviated form grech. BLEEDING SAPS), a consignment of a social-democratic direction in Greece. It is based in September 1974 on the basis the left-handed wing of a consignment Soyuz of the centre (existed{breathed} in 1961-67). The chairman (1984-1996) - A.Papandreu.

The UNIVERSE, all existing material world, boundless in time and the space and indefinitely diverse under forms which are accepted with a matter during the development. The Universe studied by astronomy, - a part of a material world which is accessible to probe by the astronomical means conforming to the reached level of development of science (sometimes this part of the Universe call as the Galaxy of galaxies).

ECUMENICAL COUNCILS, cross-overs of the maximum clergy of Christian church. On Ecumenical councils solutions of doctrinal, tserkovno-political, disciplinary character are born. The orthodox church recognizes competent 7 first Ecumenical councils (4 - 8 centuries). After division of churches (1054) Popes have reinstated (from 12 century) cross-overs of the maximum clergy of a latin church, prolonging to name as their Ecumenical councils.

The WORLD CONFEDERATED STATES of TRANSACTIONSES (VKT), are based in 1920 at support of Vatican under the title the International confederated states of Christian trade unions (MKHP). St. 14 million members (kon. 1990). A residence - Brussels.

WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (World Meteorological Organization), international intergovernmental organization, the specialized agency of the United Nations (with 1947); started activity with 1951 (in 1873-1951 - the International meteorological organization) from cooperation in range of weather observations and probes, information exchange, etc. The Residence - Geneva. For January, 1 1992 members of the World Meteorological Organization 159 states comprised (including. Russia).

WORLD ORGANIZATION of PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES (World Health Organization), an international intergovernmental organization, the specialized agency of the United Nations. It is built in 1946. Authorized problems: extirpation with expecially dangerous diseases, development of international sanitary regulations, improvement of a sanitary condition of an environment, etc. The Residence - Geneva. For January, 1 1993 members of the World Health Organization 182 states comprised (including. Russia).

WORLD ORGANIZATION of INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (VOIS), international intergovernmental organization, the specialized agency of the United Nations (with 1974). It is built in 1967 for assistance to guarding{preservation} of products{creations} of intellectual{intelligent} creativity (see. Intellectual property). A residence - Geneva. For January, 1 1992 members VOIS 132 states comprised (including. Russia).

WORLD WEATHER SERVICE (VSP), system 3 world - in Moscow (Roskomgidromet), Washington, Melbourne - and over 20 regional meteorological centres. Plan VSP is adopted in 1967. Activities are directed with the World meteorological organization.

WORLD FEDERATION of ASSOCIATIONS of ASSISTANCE of United Nations (VFASOON), the international non-governmental organization. It is based in 1946. Integrates national associations of assistance of the United Nations. The authorized purpose: to promote the solution of problems of an international peace, safety and cooperation. A residence - Geneva. On 1989 actuated over 70 national associations (including. Russia).

WORLD FEDERATION of WAR VETERANS (VFVV), association of national organizations of participants and victims of war. The solution on building VFVV is accepted in 1948, in 1950 is renamed into International federation of organizations of former front-line soldiers, in 1951 the modern title is affirmed. Headquarter VFVV - in Paris.

WORLD FEDERATION of SCIENCE OFFICERS (VFNR), the international non-governmental organization. It is based in 1946. In 1989 integrated scientists, teachers and engineering employees from 59 countries and 45 national organizations from 31 countries (including. Russia). A residence - the London.

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"TIME", monthly literary and a political magazine. It was emitted in Saint Petersburg in 1861-63 M.M.Dostoevskim; the actual editor - F.M.Dostoevsky. An organ t. n. pochvennikov.

TIME OF RESPONSE of the person, time slice from the moment of receipt{entry} of a signal before response of an organism. The time of response is one of criteria on which it is possible to judge suitability of the person to such trades, as the operator, the traffic controller, the driver, an astronaut, and is taken into account at calculations of automatic guidance systems, etc. Mean time of reaction 0,15-0,4 seconds.

VREMJAIMPULSNYJ the SENSOR, a transducer of a physical quantity in electric pulse, which duration (or an interval of repetition) it is proportional to an operate time of a measurable value. It is applied primarily in telemechanic systems and digital devices of the centralized supervisory control, napr., for measurement of an angle of rotation of the bank, a road clearance time of an audio signal.

VRIGT (Wright) George Henrik a background (r. 1916), the Finnish philosopher and logik. In 1968-70 president AN of Finland. With 1945 heir L.Vitgenstein in Cambridge. At the centre of probes Vrigta - problems of induction and probability, deonticheskaja and temporary logic, the analysis of human action and his{its} motives, a logic nature of attitudes{relations} between a determinancy and freedom.

VRITRA, in vedijskoj mythologies the demon - snake, olitsetvorenie darkness; has been defeated Indroj a duel.

VRK, see. Revolutionary-military committees.

VROBLEVSKY (Vrublevsky) Zygmunt Florenty (1845-88), Polish physics. The participant of Polish revolt 1863-64, up to 1869 in the reference in Tomsk. In 1883 together with K.Olshevskim for the first time has received liquid oxygen in mensurable quantities, and then nitrogen and white damp. Has perished at explosion of a pilot unit.

INBORN IDEAS, concept of the theory of the knowledge, meaning the ideas initially inherent{intrinsic} in human intellection and not dependent on experience (a postulate of mathematics and logic, moral values, initial{starting} philosophical principles). The doctrine about the inborn ideas, going back to Platonu, has received development in rationalism of 17-18 centuries (R.Dekart, N.Malbransh, G.Lejbnits).

WRONSKI (Nadiradze) Vakhtang Ivanovich (1905-88), the Russian and Ukrainian ballet master, the national actor of the USSR (1962). The main ballet master of theatres in Odessa (1940-54) and Kiev (1954-69.1961-73 chief of the Ukrainian troupe of ballet on ice, in 1978-79 - the Moscow ballet on ice. With 1985-86 chief of the Kiev theatre of classical ballet.

VRONSKY (an ice-film. fam. Hene, Hoene) JUzef (1776-1853), Polish mathematician and the philosopher - mistik. The determinant, important in theory linear differential equations (Wronskian) is known for injected to them.

VROTSLAV (Wroclaw), city on a southwest of Poland, a port on r. Odra, administrative centre Vrotslavskogo voevodstva, 644 thousand inhabitants (1992). A machine industry, chemical, mild, wood-working, a food-processing industry. University. A number{series} of research institutes, the library and publishing house Polish AN. Theatre of opera. Silezsky a museum, a museum of the architecture. It is mentioned in 10 century. The main city of Silesia, was (up to 1945) under german domination (a nem. Breslau, in Russian drive Breslau, Breslavl). A town hall of 13-16 centuries, Gothic churches and houses of 12-18 centuries " the Hall of century " (the National dwelling; 1911-1913). A complex of the Exhibition of reunified grounds (with 1948).

VRUBEL Mihail Aleksandrovich (1856-1910), the Russian painter. Products{creations} ("Demon", 1890, "Lilac", 1900) are noted by drama intensity of colour, "crystalline" fineness, a constructibility of drawing, gravitation to simvoliko-philosophical obobshchennosti the modes{images} quite often accepting tragical colour. Case histories (to M.J.Lermontov "Demon", 1890-91), paintings (Kirillovskoj churches in Kiev, 1884-89), products{creations} of arts and crafts (sketches for majolikovoj sculptures, etc.), Close to style "modernist style".---* * *---VRUBEL Mihail Aleksandrovich [on March, 5 (17) 1856, Omsk on April,-1 (14) 1910, Saint Petersburg], the Russian artist. Most the considerable and original spokesman of tendencies of symbolism and a modernist style in Russian painting and grafike.---Years of the doctrine---the Native of family of the military lawyer. Studied in the Academy of arts (1880-84) for P.P.Chistjakova; lessons of a water colour took from I.E.Repina. From foreign contemporaries the greatest influence was rendered on him{it} by M.Fortuni; much in common in his{its} art also with creativity prerafaelitov. But even more important for Vrubel were impressions of painting italian Revitalization, and also modes{images} of the literature (V.Shakespeare, I.V.Gete, M.J.Lermontov).---The Kiev season{term}---the Mature manner of the master - with his{its} "crystalline" drawing which is dividing the world on ortamental planes and at the same time emphasizing{pointing out} his{its} space unity, with sparkling magnificence of colour over the range between violet and golden (" extirpation of gold and blueing ", by word A.A.Bloka), - was formed basically in the Kiev season{term} (1884-89). Pozdneromanticheskaja tradition (not without reason I.K.Ayvazovsky belonged to figure of his{its} most favourite masters), no less than presentiments of Russian symbolism and a modernist style for V.M.Vasnetsova and N.N.Ge find prolongation in Vrubel style - extreme emotional and at the same time design. The engaged A.V.Prahovym to restore Kirillovskuju church of 12 century, he has executed a number{series} of compositions (including an icon " the Birth-Giver of God with the baby ", 1884-85) where has bridged a medieval canon to acute psychologism of new time. Culmination of the Kiev season{term} - sketches of paintings of the Vladimirskiy cathedral (1887, a water colour and a graphite core, Predominary Kiev museum of Russian art); from times ancient ikonopisi Russian painting did not know ranges of colours of such force of generalization and influence. Not only the belief and inspiration, but also excruciating doubts have appeared here with confessional sincerity, - it is no wonder, that sketches have confused official church and have remained unfulfilled on a large scale, on stene.---Abramtsevsky the season{term}---the Important role in Vrubel creative searches has played an art circle in Abramtzevo. Here the master writes the best patterns, is engaged in a majolica (sculptures "Egiptjanka", "Kupava", "Mizgir", "Volkhov", 1899-1900, Tretjakovskaja passageway and a museum in Abramtzevo) and the decorative design (ceramic furnaces, vases, benches - a museum in Abramtzevo). Vrubel the thin decorative scent was exhibited also in his{its} scenographic activities for private{individual} opera of Seconds. And. Mamontova (sharing{participation} in registration "Rognedy" of A.N.Serova (1896), and also "Sadko" (1897) and " Fairy tales on tsar Saltane " (1900) N.A.Rimskogo-Korsakova, the composer, especially close to him on spirit).---Traction of the artist to the monumental art which is were beyond a heavy pattern, in the course of time strengthens; a potent splashing of this pull-rod were huge panels " Mikula Seljaninovich " and " Princess the Dream " (1896), ordered Mamontovym for special pavilion of the Nizhniy Novgorod fair (the second panel nowadays remains deposited in Tretjakovskoj to passageway). However easel painting, let and finding character of a panel, has remained a main race course of his{its} searches. The color luxury of such cloths as " the Girl on a background of a Persian carpet " (1886, the Kiev museum of Russian art), "Venice" (1893, Russian museum), "Spain" (about{near} 1894, Tretjakovskaja passageway), does not obscure an alert concealed behind external magnificence. Sometimes zijanie dark chaos it is moderated folklore stihiej: in patterns "Pan" (1899), "Tsarevna - swan", " By the night " (both 1900; all three - Tretjakovskaja passageway) mythological themes are nonseparable from poetry of a native nature. Lyrical revelation of the landscape as though enveloping the spectator by the inking mirage, especially impresses in "Lilac" (1900, in the same place). More analitichny also are nervous - are tense vrubelevskie portraits (To. Ä. and M.I.Artsybushevyh, and also S.I.Mamontova; all three - 1897, in the same place).---the Theme of the Demon---Potent color contrasts and plastic intensity of forms reach a culmination in a theme of the Demon. Embodying, by word the artist, terzanija " mjatushchegosja human spirit ", this cycle is connected to M.J.Lermontov inheritance. In masterly case histories to a like poem (a water colour, whitewash, 1890-91, Tretjakovskaja the passageway and Russian museum) in many respects also has developed the actuarial manner of the master treating the world as " a magic crystal ". In art "chapters" of a cycle the rhythm of tragedy of the lone titanium - ambitious man in succession builds up. In "Demon" (1890) iskusitelno-perfect{iskusitelno-fine} hero is figured in a melancholic stupor among samotsvetno flickering rocks, and in " the Demon poverzhennom " (1902; both - in Tretjakovskoj to passageway) his{its} broken figure broken from transcendental altitudes, already visiblly agonizes, infecting all world around of itself noctilucent beauty of the latter zakata.---the Serotinal{Late} season{term}---With 1902 Vrubel suffers affliction a gross spiritual and physical malaise, but also in a phase of contraction and an infirmity creates activities, inherings to his{its} best creations. These are simple on motive, but noted special structural - rhythmic refinement of a prime of a sketch, and also portraits (N.I.Zabely-Vrubel, wives of the artist, 1904, Russian museum; V.J.Bryusov, 1906, Tretjakovskaja passageway; Both - blended technique) where quivering colour accents or the acute game of lines finely transmit a unique spiritual aura of a model, tender, as for Come-throughs, or stately - imperous, as for Bryusov. In "Pearl" (blended technique, 1904, Tretjakovskaja passageway) the enchantling imagination of the master is almost realized into pointless art - in the patterns of a shell expressing a space pulsation prirody.---Influence---the Strong and resistant influence of Vrubel all large Russian artists of 20 century have tested{experienced} almost. His{its} manner to write " motley small cubes " (by word F.I.Shalyapin) was sometimes treated as a vestibule of a cubism. However Vrubel, proved the creativity, that depth comprehension of a nature regularly reputes transition on the far side its{her} external colours, there are for headstreams not one any direction, and practically all vanguard searches of Russian art 20 century---Ëèòåðàòóðà:---Rakitin V.M.Vrubel. Ì., 1971.---Vrubel: Correspondence. Memories on the artist. Ë., 1978.---Kogan D. Z. M.A.Vrubel. Ì., 1980.---Dmitrieva N. And. M.A.Vrubel. Ë., 1984.---Suzdalev P.K.Vrubel. The personality. World outlook. A method. Ì., 1984.---Allens in M. M.M.Vrubel. Ì., 1996.---M.N.Sokolov

VRUBLEVSKY Valery (1836-1908), the Polish revolutionary, the participant of Polish revolt 1863-64, the Commune of Paris 1871. The member of 1-st Internatsionala, one of chiefs (1872-76) organizations " Ljud Polish ".

The COAL CUTTER, effects a kerf in a layer of coal, salt also other mineral wealths for facilitation of their breaking ground. The pilot model of a coal cutter is built in the Great Britain (1761).

VRUCHY, old russian city (nowadays Ovruch). The first mention in 977. Center Drevljanskoj of ground, in kon. 12 century - the specific principality.

VRHLITSKY JAroslav (an ice-film. Emil Fried name, Frida) (1853-1912), the Czech poet. A cycle of poetic collections " the Epopee of mankind " (80 - 90th), " Village ballads " (1885).

VRSHATS (Vrsac), city in Yugoslavia (republic Serbia), in an independent{autonomous} edge{boundarouse} Vojvodina. St. 30 thousand inhabitants. A food-processing industry, a machine industry.

RIDERS (grech. hippeis, from hippos - a horse; an armour. equites, from equus - a horse), in a number{series} of the antique states (Athenes, Rome, Thessaly, etc.) alongside with aristocracy the privileged estate with a high income qualification; to riders landowners, military, usurers, large dealers belonged, etc.

ABSORPTION (rezorbtsija), in physiology - receipt{entry} of different substances through cell-like elements in blood and a lymph. Descends in a digestive tract (basically in an intestines), and also in cavities of lungs, a pleura, a uterus, a urinary bladder, from a surface of a leather, etc.

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OPTICAL ROTATION, turning movement of a polarization plane linearly polarized light at his{its} transit through substance. Optical rotation is supervised in optically active substances, and also in the substances placed at a magnetic field.

VREVSKY Michael Stepanovich (1871-1929), Russian fizikohimik, corresponding member AN the USSR (1929). The main{basic} transactionses on thermodynamics of solutions. Has placed{installed} (1911) laws expressing relation of structure of fallow of a solution from evaporation heat of his{its} components and temperature (laws Vrevskogo). The premium him{it}. V.I.Lenina (1929).

Roman Romanovich (1867-1934), the founder of the Russian surgical orthopedics, the organizer and the chief (1906-34) first in Russia orthopedic institute, the writer of the first Russian guiding HARMFUL. Has offered and has inserted many orthopedic operations wearing his{its} name.

PESTS of AGRICULTURAL PLANTS, animal, damaging cultivated plants or triggering their death. More than 60 thousand kinds{views}, predominary hexapods, mites, grease irons, birds and mammals (napr., rodents). Sink productivity and a product quality.

HARMFUL LEATHERJACKETS, hexapod of a set of leatherjacketses; the pest of many agricultural and wild - plants in Europe and the Sowing. To America. Grey, length of 22-32 mm. Eats (larvas) roots, stalks, root leaves.

PENTATOMID, bug of a set shchitnikov; the pest of small crops in Eurasia. Fallow with dark drawing, length of 7-13 mm. Damages ears and a grain.

TEMPORARY INCAPACITY FOR WORK, temporary disablement, and also capabilities to perform the job (napr., at quarantine, at maintenance{drift} behind falling ill member of family). In Russia at temporary incapacity for work workers and employees are released of activity and ensured with allowances at the expense of a means of state social insurance.

The PROVIDING GOVERNMENT in Russia, the first democratic government derivated after overthrow of emperor Nikolay II. It generated{formed} after February revolution by Interim committee of members of the State Duma with the consent of leaders Petrosoveta for the season{term} before convocation of Constitutional assembly. The maximum executive organ, executed{designed} also legislative functions. Acted from March, 2 till October, 25 (on November, 7) 1917; 4 structures of the Providing government were replaced: 1-st structure (2 oktjabrista, 8 cadets and adjoining to nymas, 1 trudovik, then - eser; the chairman - cadet G.E.Lvov) till May, 6 (19); 2-nd (1 oktjabrist, 8 cadets and adjoining, 3 esera, 2 menshevika; the chairman - Lvov) - till July, 24 (on August, 6); 3-rd (7 cadets and adjoining, 5 eserov and national socialists, 3 menshevika; the chairman - eser A.F.Kerensky) - till September, 1 (14) (has transmitted an authority of "Directory"); 4-th (6 cadets and adjoining, 2 esera, 4 menshevika, 6 non-parties; the chairman - Kerensky) - till September, 25 (on October, 8). In the program stated in the declaration [it is published 3 (16) March] and the circulation to citizens of Russia on March, 6 (19), has proclaimed a principle " successions of an authority " and " continuities of the right ", has declared the tendency to finish war with " the victorious extremity " and to execute all contracts and agreements with the allied mandatory powers. Has legalized rout of the apparatus of police, arrest of councilors of ministers, has abolished penal servitude and the reference, has declared political amnesty. Promised to enter political freedoms, to call Constitutional assembly, to substitute police national militia. Has passed the law on freedom of assembly and the unions; has emited decrees about drive to the state of the grounds belonging to an imperial surname, about working committees on industrial enterprises; has declared about introduction of grain monopoly. On September, 1 (14) has proclaimed the Russian republic. Svergnuto October revolution.

" The PROVIDING GOVERNMENT of BOREAL RANGE ", government in Boreal range (September 1918 - February 1920, Arkhangelsk, led by N.V.Chajkovskim, then general E.K.Miller). It is derivated at support of Anglo-American interventionists. Opposed the Soviet authority.

TEMPORARY the LAG, see. The lag.

VREMENNOOBJAZANNYE PEASANTS, in Russia in 1861-83 former serfs, not translated on the repayment (see. The redemption operation) after country reform 1861. Bore duties (izdolshchina, a tax) for use by ground.

TEMPORARY RULES, kind{view} of the act in Russian empire. Adjusted{regulated} problems of state and public life before acceptance of the law. Were considered in Committee of ministers, affirmed emperor. Many years (napr sometimes acted., temporary rules about a seal{printing} instead of censorial charters in 1865-1917).

CASUAL WORKERS, under the Russian right workers and the employees who have been given an employment for the term of up to 2 mes, and for replacement of temporarily missing workers behind which the place of work - till 4 months is saved. Action of the labour legislation is distributed to casual workers with some withdrawals (napr., casual workers have not right on holiday).

INTERIM COMMITTEE of MEMBERS of the STATE DUMA, on February, 27 - on October, 6 (on March, 12 - on October, 19) 1917 (the chairman - oktjabrist M.V.Rodzjanko). It is built by deputies of the Duma during February revolution 1917. After a fall of attempt to rescue a monarchy has undertaken on March, 1 (14) government and under the arrangement with a guiding of Petrograd advice{council} has created the Providing government. Then acted as prestavitelnyj an organ of the Duma, it is liquidated after its{her} official dissolution.

TEMPORARY ADVICE{COUNCIL} of the RUSSIAN REPUBLIC, see. Preparliament.

TIME, in philosophy - the form of serial changeover of the phenomena and duration of conditions of a matter. See. The space and time.

TIME, grammar grade of a verb, which form establish{set} a temporary ratio between called action and or the moment speeches (Newtonian time), or other called action (relative time).

"TIME", monthly literary and a political magazine. It was emitted in Saint Petersburg in 1861-63 M.M.Dostoevskim; the actual editor - F.M.Dostoevsky. An organ t. n. pochvennikov.

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VRANGELJA the ISLAND, on border{limit} of the East - Siberian and Chukchi seas, in structure of the Russian Federation. The area ok. 7,3 thousand êì2. An altitude up to 1096 m. Arctic tundra. Polar station (with 1926). Reservation Wrangel island (with 1976, a white bear, the white goose, sea cows, a musc-ox). Occupied points - Ushakovskoe, Sidereal. It is called named F.P.Vrangelja.

VRANITSKY (Vranitzky) Frants (r. 1937-97), the federal chancellor of Austria with 1986. The chairman of Socialist party with 1988. In 1984-86 Minister of Finance.

VRANKS (Vranx) Sebastjen (1573-1647), the Netherlands painter, the poet and the public figure. Favourite themes of the artist - scenes of military life, italian landscapes and kinds{views} of Rome, allegory.

VRANOVYE, the same, that voronovye.

VRASSKY (Vrasky) Vladimir Pavlovich (1829-62), the Russian ichthyologist who has put in pawn a fundamentals of an industrial fish farming in Russia. Activities on cultivation of fry of the salmon, a trout and a white - fish, and also acclimatization in a north of sturgeon fishes. In 1854 has developed a so-called dry process of an artificial fertilization and an incubation of calf. Has constructed (1856-57) on river Pestovke in a seconds Nikolsky Novgorodskoj provinces the first fish farm in Russia for cultivation of salmons and white - fishes.

VRATSA, city in Bulgaria. 82 thousand inhabitants (1988). A chemical, textile industry, a machine industry, metallurgy.

"DOCTOR", the weekly scientific - public medical log-book, is based by V.A.Manasseinym. Left in Saint Petersburg in 1880-1901.

The DOCTOR, the expert with the maximum medical education (the therapist, the surgeon, the neuropathologist, the health officer and dr).

MEDICAL SECRET, the responsibility of medical officers to not disclose becoming him{it} known by virtue of their trade of the cramp about ill, their intimal and home life. Cramps on diseases intercommunicate in events if it is demanded with interests of public health care.

MEDICAL - CONSULTING COMMISSION (VKK), in the Russian Federation forms at medical establishments for examination of temporary incapacity for work and validation of treatment, a direction ill on consultation, on specialized treatment or on a medical labour commission of experts.

MEDICAL LABOUR COMMISSION OF EXPERTS (VTEK), in the Russian Federation forms by organs of a community service for examination of invalidity (the long-lived or a stationary value). Establishes{sets} group and time of physical inability, gives labour recommendations to invalids, etc.

MEDICAL MONITORING, system of medical overseeing by a level of health of separate groups of the population, napr., the faces engaging physical culture and sport, with the purpose of prophylaxis and early detection of disease.

PRACTICE OF MEDICINE PIRATE, in a criminal law occupation by profession of a physician as a trade a face which is not having proper medical education.

ROTARY DRILLING, is based on destruction of a bottom of a well by the rotated instrument with the appendix to the instrument of an axial load. Napr., shot, sharoshechnoe, auger rotary drilling.

ROTARY MOVEMENT of a solid... 1) around of a shaft - motion at which all points of a body superjacent on a fulcrum pin, are nonmotile, and remaining points of a body describe circles with the centres on a shaft;... 2) around of a point - motion of a body at which his{its} one point About is nonmotile, and all other move on surfaces of orbs with the centre in a point About.

ROTATED FURNACE (a drum furnace, a pipe-still heater), a commercial furnace of a cylindricity with rotary movement of a body around of a centerline. It intended for heating materials with the purpose of their physico-chemical machining (in metallurgy, cement and a chemical industry).

The ROTATED MAGNETIC FIELD, magnetic field, which magnetic displacement vector is spun in the space from a stationary value by frequency. Receive build of 2 and more variable magnetic fields shifted in time and the space. It is used in many ac machines, probing devices, etc.

DRIVING TORQUE, measure of the external action changing angular rate of the rotated body. Driving torque Mvr is peer to a sum moment of all forces operational on a body concerning a fulcrum pin and is connected to an angular acceleration of a body? Equality Mvr = I?, where I - a moment of inertia of a body concerning a fulcrum pin.

ROTATION, in geometry - a motion pattern at which there is fixed at least one point.

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VOTCHINNYJ COURT, court of the master of an ancestral lands above the serfs (in Russia since 16 century before cancellation of serfdom in 1861).

VOTJAKI, the obsolete title of Udmurts.

IN - TSJUAN, in the Chinese mythology wise starets, aware of medicines of longevity and immortality. Lives in mountains, the body of it{him} is coated{obtected} with a wool.

VOSHERIJA, a stem of yellow-green algae. A thallome by the way filaments of a noncellular structure. Ok. 60 kinds{views}, at the bottom of fresh water reservoirs, less often than seas, on crude soil.

VOSHCHAK JAroslav Antonovich (1921-89), the Byelorussian conductor, the national actor of the USSR (1979). With 1953 main conductor of opera theatres of Lvov, Odessas, Voronezh, Kazan. With 1972 main conductor, with 1980 conductor of the Byelorussian theatre of opera and ballet.

WAX CLOTH, Byelorussian ãðàâåðû:... 1) Maxim Jarmolinich (? - 1708), the chalcographer, headed a printing house Mogilyov Bogojavlenskogo brotherhoods (23 gravures for the book " Akathists and canons ", 1693).... 2) Vasily Maksimovich, son Maxim Jarmolinicha. Worked in Mogilyov in 1694-1730. A xylographer (leafs "John Damascene", "Christmas" â "Osmoglasnike", 1730).

WAXED Vasily, the chief of revolt of peasants and poors 1740-44 in Belarus. Has declared itself grandson Bogdana Khmelnitskiy. After rout of revolt by a troops of Polish king ran to Ukraine.

FOUNDATION, the thin waxen leafs with squeezed out 6-coal bedplates of a honey-bee family of cells. It is produced at factories on a thorough revision of waxen raw material. It is fixed in a frame which is interposed into a beehive that gear ups construction of honeycomb by bees.

"VOYAGER" (English Voyager, characters. - the traveller), the American space vehicle for probes of long-distance planets of the Solar system. Mass of 733 kg. Are started "Voyager - 1" è "Voyager - 2" (1977). Probes from a drift trajectory of the Jove, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune are conducted.

VOYAGE (frants. voyage), trip, traveling (obsolete or ironical).

VOJACHEK Vladimir Ignatjevich (1876-1971), Russian otorinolaringolog, the founder of scientific school, academician AMN (1944), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1961), the general - lieutenant of a medical service (1943). The main{basic} transactionses on physiology, a pathology and research techniques of an internal ear and surgical treatment of his{its} diseases, on an air medicine.

HOLLOWS, kickdowns of a surface within the limits of a dry matter, and also a bottom of oceans and seas, mostly tectonic an origin.

"FORWARDS", bolshevistskoe legal publishing house, 1906-07, Saint Petersburg. It is routed by police.

"FORWARDS"... 1) first bolshevistskaja the weekly newspaper, Geneva, 22.12.1904 (4.1.1905) - 5.5.1905, 18 numbers. An organ of Office of committees of the majority. Edition was headed by V.I.Lenin.... 2) Legal bolshevistskaja the daily newspaper, Saint Petersburg, 26.5 (8.6) - 14.6.1906, 17 numbers. Preemnitsa - the newspaper "Echo".... 3) Bolshevistskaja the clandestine working newspaper, Vyborg, 10.9.1906-19.1..1908, 20 numbers.

" FORWARDS! "... 1) the acyclic log-book of revolutionary populists, Zurich, the London, 1873-77, 5 numbers. It is based under the initiative "chajkovtsev" è "lavristov". Editors - P.L.Lavrov, V.N.Smirnov, N.G.Kuljabko-Koretsky.... 2) the Newspaper of revolutionary populists, the London, 1875-76, 48 numbers. The editor - P.L.Lavrov.

INSCRIBED ANGLE, the angle, derivated by two chords (DV and SV), coming from one point (Ñ) circles.

AT ONCE (Vraz) Stanko (1810-51), the Croatian and Slovene poet, the figure illirizma. The representative of romanticism, the founder of incentive Croatian criticism. Supported development of the national original literature on a nation-wide literary language. The collection of intimal and civil lyrics " Voices from ZHeravinskoj oak - groves " (1841), " the Psaltery and tambour " (1845).

VRANGEL Peter Nikolaevich (1878-1928), baron, one of main chiefs of white motion in the Civil war, the general - lieutenant (1918). In 1918-19 in Volunteer army and Armed forces of the South of Russia, in 1920 commander-in-chief t. n. Russian army, at a nem " the Government of the South of Russia " is built. With 1920 emigrant. In 1924-28 organizer and the chairman anti-soviet " Russian obshchevoinskogo the union " (ROVS).

VRANGEL Ferdinand Petrovich (1796/97-1870), baron, the Russian seafarer, admiral, corresponding member (1827), the honorary member (1855) Petersburg AN. One of founders of Russian geographycal society. In 1820-24 chief of the expedition describing a shore of Siberia from r. Indigirka up to Koljuchinskoj lips; under polling data has defined{determined} a rule{situation;position} of the island called afterwards as his{its} name. In 1825-27 chief of round-the-world expedition on a vessel "Gentle". In 1829-35 main governor of Russian settlements in America. In 1855-57 marine minister.

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" EASTERN BANK " (a nem. "Ostwall"), a strategic defensive boundary of a german troops on the sovetsko-German front, constructed by the autumn 1943. Passed through link: ð. Narva, Pskov, Vitebsk, Orsha, r. Sozh, mean flow r. Dnepr (the basis{fundamentals} of " Eastern bank "), r. Milk. To the extremity of September 1943 Soviet troops have broken through " Eastern bank ".

EASTERN PROBLEM, adopted in diplomacy and in the historical literature notation of international contraventions in 18 - nach. 20 centuries, the bound with the scheduled disintegration of Ottoman empire, spreading national-liberation motion naseljavshih empire of peoples and extirpation of the european great powers for section of its{her} possessions (some explorers actuate in concept of Eastern problem also a broad complex of political problems Compare. The orient and Caucasus).

EASTERN PROVING RANGE (Eastern Test Range), a launching site the USA on a cape Canaveral and on about. Merritt, pieces. Florida. It is built in 1946. Test launchings of missiles with 1950; the first start of an artificial satellite of the Earth in 1958 ("Explorer - 1"). On Eastern proving range the considerable proportion of space probes the USA implements.

EASTERN MANYCH, the river in the south of the European part of the Russian Federation. 141 kms, with a drainless lower reaches over 200 kms, the area of basin of 12,5 thousand êì2. Enters in Kumo-Manychskuju water system. On Eastern Manyche - CHongarskoe vdhr.

" EASTERN PACT ", the contract draft on an aid-giving behavior between the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania against aggression of fascist Germany. The idea of " Eastern pact " has been pushed in nach. 1934 French Minister for Foreign Affairs L.Bart; after his{its} assassination (1934) French ruling circles have refused this idea.

EASTERN PASS (Krusenstern pass, TSusimsky a channel), southeast pass of the Korean prol. Between islands Tsushima in the west and islands Iki and Okinosima on the orient. The least width of 46 kms, a critical depth on a fairway of 92 m.

EASTERN SAYAN MOUNTAINS, a range in the south of Siberia. Length ok. 1000 kms (from a left bank of Yenisei in a southeast almost up to coasts an eskar. Baikal). Prevails{dominates} srednegornyj a relief with an altitude up to 2000 m; an extreme wave height of 3491 m (in a mass Munku-Sardyk). On a right bank r. Irkut - intermountain hollows (see. Tunkinskaja a hollow). A glaciation (a gross area ok. 30 êì2). On downslopes the taiga, is higher - a thin forest and mountain tundra. Reservation "Piles". Deposits of mica, black lead, bauxites, phosphorites, etc.

EASTERN BACKBONE, range on the orient of Kamchatka. Length of 600 kms. Will consist from separate hrebtov (an altitude up to 2485 ì) with abrupt western and more cavicorn eastern downslopes. Woods of park type and shrubs (a rhododendron, a dwarf siberian pine).

VOSTRETS, the same, that a sedge.

VOSTRJAKOVO, a urban settlement in the Russian Federation, the Moscow region. A depot. 21 thousand inhabitants (1991). Wood-working and house-building combines.

"RISE", a series of multipiece spacecrafts for flights on an earth orbit. Under the program "Rise" problems of improvement of interaction of crew members in flight were decided, the capability of activity of the person in outside space was studied, scientific both biomedical probes and technical experiments were conducted. "Rise" will consist of a descent vehicle with system of mild planting, a braking propulsion system and an equipment compartment. "Rise - 2" had the airlock. Maximum mass of "Rise" 5,68 t. In 1964-65 have committed flights 2 ships{spacecrafts} "Rise" with 5 astronauts. For the first time flight of crew (V.M.Komarov, K.P.Feoktistov, B.B.Egorov, 1964) is accomplished and the first output of the person in outside space (A.A.Leonov, 1965) is carried out.

CLIMBING FROM the ABSTRACT TO CONCRETE, the research technique of object consisting in transition from the abstract and secund knowledge about a nem to his{its} more and more concrete reproduction in theoretical intellection - as systems of scientific definitions (see. Abstraction, Concrete); one of philosophy of dialectic.

VOSMERIK, in the Russian and Ukrainian architecture (predominary 17-18 centuries) the 8-coal structure in the plan or a part of a structure, is frequent on the 4-coal grounding (" vosmerik on chetverike ").

EIGHT-YEAR SCHOOL, in 1959-84 comprehensive school in the USSR, producing incomplete secondary education.

The VOTE (from an armour. votum - desire, will), the judgement expressed voting. In state law the vote of confidence - approval by parliament of activity of government. In a number{series} of the foreign states at rendition of the non-confidence vote the government, as a rule, leaves in demission or the parliament (lower chamber) explodes{expands} the chief of state and advance parliamentary elections are carried out{conducted}.

VOTCHAL Eugeny Filatovich (1864-1937), the physiologist of plants, the founder of the Ukrainian scientific school, academician AN of Ukraine (1921). The main{basic} transactionses on motion of water in trees, an electrophysiology of plants, private{individual} physiology of sugar-beet.

ANCESTRAL LANDS... 1) the most ancient kind{view} of a land property in Russia passing by right of succession. Has arisen in 10-11 centuries (princely, seignioral, conventual), in 13-15 centuries a prevailing land tenure. With kon. 15 century stood up to{countered;resisted} to a manor with which approached in 16-17 centuries and in nach. 18 century has drained in one kind{view} - a manor. Hereinafter an ancestral lands - any feudal land property.... 2) the Term used in the Russian historical literature for notation of a complex of a feudal land property and bound with it{her} of rights to dependent peasants. As a rule, it was divided into a domonical economy (domain) and country derzhanija. Within the limits of an ancestral lands to its{her} proprietor (possessing the right of immunity) belonged administrative and the judicial authority, the right of levy. Synonyms of an ancestral lands - senjorija, the manor, a manor.

VOTCHINNAJA the INDUSTRY, industrial enterprises in Russia, forming by landowners in the manors on the basis of the serf of transactionses.

VOTCHINNAJA the THEORY, system of views of historians (primarily 2-nd floor. 19 - nach. 20 centuries), retracted to a medieval Western-European ancestral lands defining role in socio economic, political, cultural life of a Middle Ages. Representatives: Fjustel de Kulanzh, Sibom, etc. (for them an ancestral lands - one of initial institutes of a human society), Imana-SHternegg, Lamprehe, etc. (combined votchinnuju the theory with elements of the communal theory).

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The EAST EUROPE PLAIN (Russian plain), one of the largest plains of the terrestrial globe, occupying large part Vost. Europe. In a north it is washed against by waters White and Barentseva, in the south - Black, Azov and Caspian seas. On a southwest it is limited to Carpathian mountains, in the south - Caucasus, on the orient - Ural and Mugodzharami. In geologic attitude{relation} corresponds{meets} to the East Europe ramp. A mean altitude ok. 170 m (the greatest - up to 1191 m in Hibinah); the lowest marks - on a shore of the Caspian m. (28 m are lower than a sea level). On Russian plain - Timansky a block, Central Russian, Priazovskaja, Privolzhskaja and other high grounds, in the south and a southeast - a strip of bayshore lowlands: Prichernomorskaja, Prikaspijskaja, etc. In a north and northwest flat interfluves with a fumed - undulating land, in a central part and in the south - an ovrazhno-beam relief prevail{dominate}. The rivers of boreal part belong a bass. Arctic ok. (Mezen, Onega, Pechora, the Sowing. Dvina), western and austral - a bass. Baltic m. (Neman, Zapadnaya Dvina, Vistula, etc.), a bass. Black m. (Dnepr, Dnestr, JUzh. Bug) and a bass. Azov m. (Don); Volga, Ural and other run in Caspian m. The large part of terrain is located in a forest zone, central and austral parts - in zones of a forest steppe and steppe, a marginal southeast - in zones of a semidesert and desert (Prikaspijskaja nizm.). On a large part of terrain of East European plain the European part of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova is located.

The EAST - IRANIAN MOUNTAINS, within the limits of plateau of Iran, on the orient of Iran. Length ok. 1000 kms. An altitude up to 4042 m (burning mountain Teftan). Isolated masses with flat tops. Mountain steppes and semideserts.

The EAST KAZAKHSTAN RANGE, in Kazakhstan. 97,3 thousand êì2. The population of 949 thousand person (1991), urban 65 %. 6 cities, 20 urban settlements (1991.) Center - Ust Kamenogorsk. The large part of terrain is located in mountains of Altai; a maxheight over 4000 m. Mean temperatures of January from-17 up to-26 °S, July 19-23 °S. A rainfall from 120 up to 1000-1500 mm (in mountains) annually. The main river - Irtysh. An eskar. Markakol, Zaisan (in structure Buhtarminskogo vdhr.) . Nonferrous machine industry on the basis deposits of polymetals of Mining Altai. A machine industry and metal working, wood-working, mild, a food-processing industry, manufacture of a building materials. Ust-Kamenogorskaja, Ulbinskaja and Buhtarminskaja a river plant on r. Irtysh. In an agriculture not irrigation grain agriculture prevails{dominates}. Crops of sunflower; cultivate a potato, vegetables; a fruit growing. Dairy - meat and meat - sherstnoe animal husbandry (a large horned stock, sheeps, goats, pigs, horses). Beekeeping, fishery, hunting of fur animals. Navigation across Irtysh.

EAST - CHINESE PEST (Dunhaj), half-closed the pest Quiet ok., between shore Vost. Asia (China) and islands Rjukju and Kyushu (Japan). 836 thousand êì2. Depth in a western part less than 200 m, in eastern - up to 2719 m. Runs r. Yangtze. Fishery (a herring, the sardine), a crabbing, production of algae. Salt-making process from ocean water. Major ports: shanghai (China), Nagasaki (Japan).

The EAST - KOREAN MOUNTAINS, on the orient Korean p-ova, in Korea. An altitude up to 1915 m (. CHirisan). Broad-leaved and coniferous forests. In structure of the East - Korean mountains - mountains Kymgansan.

The EAST - KOREAN BAY of sea of Japan, for coasts Korean p-ova. Depth from 60 up to 2000 m. Fishery. Major ports: Vonsan and Hungnam (KNDR).

The EAST - PRUSSIAN OPERATION, 13.1-25.4.1945, during Great Domestic war. The Soviet troops of 2-nd (Marshal of Soviet Union K.K.Rokossovsky) and 3-rd (general I.D.Chernjahovsky, since February, 20 Marshal of Soviet Union A.M.Vasilevsky) Byelorussian fronts in interaction with Baltic fleet (admiral V.F.Tributs) have broken through the potent defence of a german army group "Center" (general - colonel G.Rejnhardt, since January, 26 - army groups "North", general - colonel L.Rendulich), have quitted to Baltic m. and liquidated the main{basic} enemy forces (over 25 divisions), having taken Vost. Prussia and having released boreal part of Poland.

The EAST - SAKHALIN MOUNTAINS (Eastern backbone), in eastern part about. Sakhalin. Length ok. 280 kms. An altitude up to 1609 m (. Lopatin). Will consist of the several echelon hrebtov, hardly fissured valleys. Seismicity up to 7 balls.

The EAST - SIBERIAN BRANCH of the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Science, see. An Irkutsk centre of science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science.

EAST - SIBERIAN the PEST, marginal sea Arctic ok., between Novosibirsk islands and about. Vrangelja. The area of 913 thousand êì2. It is located on a shelf. An average depth of 54 m, maximum 915 m. A large part of year it is ice-covered. A salinity from 5 close ustjev the rivers up to 30 in a north. Bays: Chaun bay, Kolyma, Omuljahskaja a lip. Large islands: Novosibirsk, Bear, Ajon. The rivers Indigirka, Alazeja, Kolyma run. A craft of a sea cow, a seal. Fishery. A main port - Pevek.

EAST - PACIFIC RAISING, submerged middle backbone Quiet ok. Differs in major width and prolixity of a downslope, slabovyrazhennymi rift valleys at broad sharing{participation} in formation of a relief of zones of cross faults. Length of 7600 kms, width up to 850 kms. A critical depth above a crest of 732 m.

The EAST - TUVA MOUNTAINS, in an interfluve of the lower flow of the rivers of B.Enisej (Bij-Hem) and M.Enisej (Ka-Hem), on the orient of Tuva. An altitude up to 2895 m. On downslopes a taiga and mountain tundra.

EASTERN ALPES, part of the Alpes to the orient from the cross valley bridging an eskar. Bodenskoe and Komo. Actuates Retijskie, Etstalskie, TSillertalskie, Dolomitic, JUlijskie the Alpes, Low and High Tauern and other hrebty. An altitude up to 4049 m (Bernina).

EASTERN BESKIDS, part of boreal border of Carpathian mountains in Poland and Slovakia. An altitude of 1000-1300 m. Actuate Low Beskids and Beshchady. In Eastern Beskids - saddle-point Duklja.

EASTERN GHATS (Eastern Ghaty), the mountains which are generatrix eastern surburb of the Decanal tableland, in India. Are dismembered on separate masses by an altitude up to 1680 m. Eastern downslopes, versed to the Bengal a hall., abrupter, than western. Monsoon forests.

EASTERN CARPATHIANS, mid-range of Carpathian mountains (between Zap. And JUzh. Carpathian mountains) in Slovakia, Poland, Romania and on Ukraine. Length ok. 750 kms. An altitude up to 2305 m (. Pjetros). Blended and coniferous forests, mountain meadows.

EASTERN CORDILLERAS of the ANDES, hrebty, generatrix eastern boundary circuits in a range of Andes in Columbia and Ecuador where they are structurally unified with Central Cordilleras, and also in Peru and Bolivia - Subandijskie Cordilleras. An altitude from 2000 up to 6000 m. In Ecuador active volcanoes. Eastern upwind downslopes are coated{obtected} with ever-green forests, western - defoliation - ever-green forests and light forests.

EASTERN SLAVS, one of three (alongside with western and austral) basic groups of the ancient slavs, derivated after disintegration their ethnic and a linguistic community. Has developed in 6-9 centuries in terrain Vost. Europe. An economy: tilled agriculture, cattle breeding, a hunt, fishery, a wild-hive beekeeping. Handcrafts. The breeding unions: to a glade, drevljane, krivichi, etc. The Finishing stage of military democracy. In 1-st floor. 9 century rannegosudarstvennye associations in Compare. Podneprovje and Priilmenje, becoming the basis{fundamentals} of the Kiev Russia in which the old russian nationality{national character} was formed.

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The "ORIENT", the Russian polar station in area of Austral geomagnetic pole in Vost. To Antarctica, at the altitude 3488 m, in 1250 kms from a coast. Works since December 1957. A cold pole of the Earth (ok.-90 °S). It is called in honour shljupa the "Orient".

The "ORIENT"... 1) a series of single-seat spacecrafts for flights on an earth orbit. Under the program "Orient" the capability of outer-space flight of the person was studied, scientific both biomedical probes and technical experiments were conducted. The "Orient" will consist of a descent vehicle and an equipment compartment with a braking propulsion system. Maximum mass of "Orient" 4,73 t. With 1961 on 1963 have committed flights of 6 ships{spacecrafts} "Orient" with 6 astronauts. The maiden flight of the person in cosmos is carried out (J.A.Gagarin, 1961), for the first time is accomplished formation flying two spacecrafts (A.G.Nikolaev, P.R.Popovich, 1962) and the first outer-space flight of woman (V.V.Tereshkova, 1963).... 2) 3-stepwise the carrier rocket for start of spacecrafts; on all stages{steps} liquid fuel is used.

The ORIENTS (an ice-film. fam. Ostenek) Alexander Hristoforovich (1781-1864), the Russian philologist, the poet, the academician Petersburg AN (1841). The explorer Russian tonic stihoslozhenija, monuments of old slavic writing, grammar slavonic, including Russian, tongue, has put in pawn a fundamentals of comparative slavonic linguistics in Russia. For the first time has emited " Ostromirovo gospels " (1843).

ORIENTAL STUDIES (orientalistika), set{combination} of the scientific disciplines investigator a history, economy, tongues, the literature, ethnography, art, religion, philosophy of countries of the Orient. Inside oriental studies there were regional branches (napr., arabistika, sinologija, indologija).

ORIENTAL STUDIES INSTITUTE of Russian Academy of Science (IVRAN) (in 1960-70 - Institute of peoples of Asia), the research establishment investigator a history, economy, the literature, crop, tongues of countries of the Orient. It is based in 1930 in Leningrad on the basis the Asian museum and some other vostokovedcheskih research establishments. With 1950 in Moscow; has branch in Saint Petersburg.

EASTERN ASIA, the part of Asia adjoining to Quiet ok. In moderate, subtropical and tropical belts from 20 up to 60 °s. sh. Mountains in combination to broad plains. A climate monsoon. A natural vegetation - in a north broad-leaved and mixed forests, in the south subtropical and tropical. Actuates eastern areas of the Russian Federation and China, Japan, KNDR and Republic Korea.

EASTERN WAR 1853-56, see. The Crimean war 1853-56.

EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE, see. Byzantium.

EASTERN RUMELIJA, the autonomous region (main Plovdiv) in structure of Ottoman empire, is built in terrain Juzh. Bulgaria the solution of the Berlin congress 1878. As a result of popular uprising in September 1885 Bulgaria is reunified with the principality.

EASTERN SIBERIA, eastern part of Siberia from Yenisei up to hrebtov a pacific watershed. The area 7,2 million êì2. The large part is occupied in Central Siberian plateau. In a north - a strip of lowlands, in the south - mountains JUzh. Siberia, on the orient - the JAno-Kolyma mountains. See also Siberia.

EAST - AUSTRALIAN MOUNTAINS, see Major Water-partite backbone.

EAST - AUSTRALIAN WRINKLED GEOSYNCLINAL BELT, pozdnedokembrijskij-paleozoic wrinkled belt, part of the Pacific geosynclinal belt. Reaches{extends;stretchs} from eastern part p-ova Cape York peninsula in a north up to about. Tasmania in the south inclusively, on 3500 kms at width of 1500 kms.

EAST - AUSTRALIAN FLOW, warm current Quiet ok. For eastern coast of Australia; branch JUzh. Trade current.

The EAST - AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM, system of large resets{drops} and grabens (riftov) Vost. Africa, Red m. and Adenos a hall. Has arisen in Mesozoic - a Cenozoic as a result of cracking large continental units; the intensive pullet{young man} volcanism and seismicity are characteristic. The strip of lakes is connected to the East - African rift system (Tanganyika, Rudolf, Njasa, etc.).

The EAST - GREENLAND FLOW, cold flow Arctic ok. For eastern coast of Greenland. Follows from a north on the south; the year round bears ice Arctic a bass., in summer months - icebergs.

EASTERN SAMOA (Eastern Samoa), possession the USA in Quiet ok., in eastern part arh. Samoa. 197 êì2. The population of 52,8 thousand person (1993), primarily Polynesians. The official language - English. Protesters believing primarily. Adm. ts. - Pago Pago. Manufacture and export of canned fish and copras. Monetary unit - US dollar.

The EAST EUROPE RAMP (Russian ramp), dokembrijskaja a ramp occupying large part Vost. And part Zap. Europe. The base exudes on the Baltic board and the Ukrainian mass; the major structures are also anteklizy (Byelorussian, Voronezh, Volgo-Ural), syneclises (Baltic, Moscow, Prikaspijskaja) and avlakogeny (Dneprovsko-Donetsk, Central Russian, etc.).

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SHRICK, the punctuation mark (!) staked in the extremity (and in some tongues, napr., in spanish, and in the beginning, in an inverted kind{view}) the exclamative proposal, sometimes circulations, etc.

WAXEN PAINTING, technique of painting in which substance connecting paint is wax. It is executed{designed} melted (enkaustika) or dissolved paints in volatile oils or an emulsion. Due to small reactivity and moisture fastness of wax the products{creations} plump in technique of waxen painting, within many centuries save initial freshness of colour, firmness and the pattern of an inking layer. In Other. Egypt since 14 century up to n. e. Waxen painting was applied to colour of fronts of temples, in Other. Greeces and Byzantium - in easel painting.

WAXEN GLANDS, are located in an outer cover of bees, bumblebees, an aphid, scale insects and some other hexapods. Secrete wax of which some honey-bee family build honeycomb.

VOSKRESENSK, city (with 1938) in the Russian Federation, the Moscow region, landing stage on r. Moscow. A railway junction. 81,4 thousand inhabitants (1991). Chemical (software "Minudobrenija", etc.), a building materials (cement, etc.), a light industry. Factory " Machine engineer ".

VOSKRESENSK, the title Istra in the Moscow region up to 1930.

VOSKRESENSKAJA the ANNALS, obshcherussky the canopy of 16 century, differs a completeness of use of sources. One of lists remained deposited in Novoierusalimskom (Voskresenskom) a monastery (the modern Istra the Moscow region).

VOSKRESENSKY Alexander Abramovich (1809-80), Russian chemists - organics, the creator (together with N.N.Zininym) major school of Russian chemists, corresponding member Petersburg AN (1864). Taught in many educational institutions of Petersburg. Has placed{installed} structure and some properties of naphthalene and quinic acid (1838); has discovered quinone and theobromine (1841), probeed domestic combustible minerals (peat, slates, brown and mineral coals), propagandized fertilizers.

VOSKRESENSKY Leonid Aleksandrovich (1913-65), the Russian scientist in range of tests of space-rocket technique, Dr.Sci.Tech. (1958), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1957). With 1954 deputy of chief designer ÎÊÁ-1 S.P.Koroleva. Supervised over realization of the composite experimental and engineering tests of exploratory rockets, launchers and the first space vehicles. His{its} name calls a crater on moon.

SUNDAY SCHOOLS, private{individual} or public general educational, professional or religious schools, education{learning} in which it is carried out{is conducted} on Sundays. In Russia with kon. 1850th general educational higher schools were organized by forward intelligency for illiterate and illiterate workers, peasants and handicraftsmen; after October revolution continuation schools, later - in vesper comprehensive schools are converted to.

INFLAMMATION, the composite adaptive sosudisto-histic organism response to influence of pathogenic agents: physical, chemical (napr., a burn), biological (an introduction of microorganisms). The main{basic} general attributes of an inflammation - a fervescence and change of structure of blood; aboriginal - an erythema, a pain, heat, a swelling, violation{disturbance} of function.

PNEUMONIA (pneumonia), group of diseases of lungs for the person and animal; are defined by inflammatory process in alveolas, in an interstitial tissue of a lung and bronchioles. In the person are invoked{produced} by viruses, pnevmo-or staphylococcuses and other microorganisms. The acute pneumonia can be krupoznym (with a defeat of a lung lobe, the sudden beginning, a fever, a heat, a pain in a chest at respiration), focal (bronchopneumonia) or interstitial (tussis with a mucopurulent sputum, temperature 37-39 °S). At a chronic pneumonia bronchuses, vessels and lymphatic system of lungs are struck.

EDUCATION, the targeted development of the person including assimilation of crop, values and norms{standards} of a society. Implements through education, and also organization of vital activity of fixed generalities. In education the personality, family, state and public institutes interact; teaching and educational establishments, a means of a mass communication, religious institutes, public organizations, etc.

EDUCATIONAL COLONY, in the Russian Federation correctional establishment for the infant offenders convicted to deprivation of liberty.

IGNITION STRUCTURES, mixes for ignition of powders, solid rocket-propelled combustibles, pyrotechnic structures. Combustion temperature of ignition structures should be higher than an ignition point of an ignited material not less than on 200 °S.

PERCEPTION, complex process of method and transformation{conversion} of the information, ensuring reflectance of an objective reality and alignment in world around. As the form of sensual reflectance of a subject actuates detection of object as the whole, discrimination of separate attributes in object, secretion in a nem of the informative content, adequate the purposes of action, formation of a sensual mode{image}.

REPRODUCTION, continuous motion and resumption of a process of manufacture of life of any system - biological (napr., an individual, a population, biogeocenose, an ecosystem) or social (napr., the individual, family, a community, country, the capital). Actuates reproduction of system components, attitudes{relations} between them and interactions with an environment. In economy at simple reproduction manufacture is renewed in invariable, at amplate - in increased, at reduced - in decreasing scales.

REPRODUCTION of the POPULATION, in fine-bored sense - process of digenesis as a result of natural motion (a birth and mors), in broad - permanent resumption of the population on the basis of natural motion, migration, transitions of people from one social groups in other.

REPRODUCTION of NATURAL RESOURCES, natural (adjustable and noncontrollable{uncontrolled}) and synthetic process of increment of environmental resourse bases, restoration of their quality performances. The water resources protection and an airshed actuates such kinds{views}, as a recultivation and land-reclamation, agrotechnical measures on improvement of soils, reforestation activities, cultivation ryboposadochnogo a material, biotechnical measures on conservation and reproduction of feral{natural} beasts and birds.

NUCLEAR FUEL BREEDER, education in nuclear reactors of secondary nuclear fuel - 239Pu (or 233U). Descends because nucleus t. n. A raw product 238U (or 232Th) seize{catch} the neutrons secreted at "burning" of primary nuclear fuel 235U. Implements in reactors - razmnozhiteljah (breeders).

RESTORATION, see. Redox reactions.

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VOROSHILOVGRAD the title Lugansk on Ukraine in 1935-58 and 1970-90.

VOROSHILOVSK, the title Stavropol in 1935-43.

VOROSHILOVSK, the title Alchevsk on Ukraine in 1931-61 and with 1992.

" VOROSHILOVSKY SCAPES ", in the USSR in 1932-41 title of honour and the badge, is established by Central advice{council} Osoaviahima for carrying out content specifications in shooting from a rifle. It is called named K.E.Voroshilov.

NAP (from sr the .-persian. vars - a hair), a nappy layer on a surface of a tissue, jersey. See. A teasel cloth, the Fabric with woven-in pile.

VILLUSES, microscopic excrescences of environments of some organs, primarily for the maximum vertebrates and the person. Villuses of a mucous membrane of an intestines increase his{its} absorbing surface (for the person she ok. 43 m2).

VORSKLA, the river, primarily on Ukraine, the left-handed in-leak{influx} of Dnepr (runs in Dneprodzerzhinskoe vdhr.). 464 kms, the area of basin of 14,7 thousand êì2. Average discharge of water 28,5 m3 / with. On the Vorskla - cities Grajvoron, Poltava, Kobeljaki.

VORSMA, city (with 1955) in the Russian Federation, the Nizhniy Novgorod region, bliz zh.-d. An item. Vorsma. 13,6 thousand inhabitants (1991). Mediko-tool{Mediko-instrument} factory, etc. There Was in 16 century, in 18 century a centre of metal-working handicraft industries.

TEASEL CLOTH, the tissue, undergone to a teasing due to what on its{her} surface the nap (pile) consisting of the cleaning cloth of individual fibers will be derivated, dragged from filaments. Are most distributed cotton (a bombazette, a flannel, a baize, a buckskin cloth - cloth wool, suede) and woollen (a frieze, a flannel, a baize). Many grades of blankets and some kinds{views} of cloths concern to teasel cloths (kastor) and a thick wollen cloth (velure).

FABRIC WITH WOVEN-IN PILE, tissue on which surface (it is routine on the one hand) there is a nap consisting of densely located vertical cleaning cloth of filaments. Nap will be derivated by sliting of filaments of a pile warp or a pile weft, padding to the routine basis{fundamentals} and a filling. The plush pile fabric, a velvet, a fur fabric, carpets concern to fabrics with woven-in pile with the main{basic} nap. Filling-piled fabrics - velpel, a plush, a velvet fabric.

TEASEL, stem dvu-, less often than perennial grasses of a set vorsjankovyh. 15-20 kinds{views}, in moderate and torrid zones of Eurasia and in tropics of Africa. Compound fruits of a teasel of sowing campaign (t. n. Teasel - burs) use in a textile industry for nachesyvanija nap; cultivate in Crimea, on Caucasus, in Compare. Asia.

VORT (Worth) CHarlz Frederik (1825-95), first kutjurje, the founder master in 2-nd floor. 19 century of firm of modes in Paris, called as his{its} name. Vort was born in England, in France with 1845. In 1857 in Paris together with Swede Babergom (has soon departed businesses) Vort has based the firm where for the first time models of clothes{clothing} formed not on zakazchitsu, and on the model (the first model was his{its} wife). Models Vorta were popular all over the world and were repeatedly marked by medals on international exhibitions (has introduced a fashion crinolines and bustles). His{its} business with 1890 was prolonged by sons Gaston and Jean Phillip, however, maintain a competition to new creators of a mode could not. In 1954 name Vorta one of the English firms has purchased.

VORFOLOMEEV Michael Alekseevich (r. 1947), the Russian writer. In plays ("Curtains", 1977, " Summer red ", 1978, "Motives", 1979, " On a tract ", 1981, "Impassability of roads", 1987, etc.), noted by dynamism of action and a sharpness of conflicts of duties, reverts to rural life, puts actual social - moral problems. The collection of plays " the bird pink " (1981) Flied.

VORTSEL (Worcell) Stanislav (1799-1857), the participant of Polish revolt 1830-31. In emigration the member of the Polish democratic society and his{its} authority "Centralization" (with 1847), the organizer (1835) and the ideologist " Ljuda Polish ". The adherent of the russko-Polish revolutionary union.

VOS (Fos) (Vos) the Open-hearth furnace de (1531/32-1603), the Netherlands painter, worked in Antwerp. A little bit{some} flying has conducted in Italy, in Rome and Venice where as the landscape writer participated in activities Tintoretto. In Antwerp the writer of some portraits painted churches.

EIGHT IMMORTAL, heroes Chinese daosskoj the mythologies which have become famous for the exploits.

VOSKANJAN Arus Tigranovna (1889-1943), the Armenian actress, the national actress of Armenia (1935). On the scene with 1908, with 1921 at the Armenian theatre him{it}. Sundukjana (Yerevan).

WAXES, the products of a different origin recalling on properties a beeswax. Natural waxes (tïë 40-90 °S): animal (beer, a lanoline, a spermaceti, etc.) and vegetative (napr., Carnauba). Waxes will consist primarily of esters of the maximum fatty acids and monohydroxy alcohols, minerals (native paraffine, a ceresine) - from saturated hydrocarbons. Synthetic waxes receive, napr., a polymerization of ethylene. Apply in technique, medicine, cosmetics, a household activities.

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VORONTSOV Michael Semenovich (1782-1856), the Russian statesman, general - field marshal (1856), svetlejshy prince, the honorary member Petersburg AN (1826). In 1823-44 Novorossisk and bessarabsky the general - governor. Promoted economic development of an edge{a boundarouse}. In 1844-54 viceroy on Caucasus.

VORONTSOV Seeds Romanovich (1744-1832), columns (1797), the Russian diplomat. With 1782 minister plenipotentiary in Venice, in 1784-1806 in the London.

VORONTSOV Feodor (Demid) Semenovich (? - 1546), boyar, with 1543 actual governor of the Russian state at Ivan IV. Actuated extirpation with Kazan hanstvom. It is accused of change. It is executed.

VORONTSOV July Mihajlovich (r. 1929), the Russian diplomat. With 1952 on diplomatic activity. About 1977 salting of the USSR in India, with 1983 - in France. With 1986 1-st deputy minister of foreign businesses of the USSR, in 1988-89 simultaneously a salting of the USSR in Afghanistan. With 1990 resident representative of the USSR at the United Nations. About 1994 salting of the Russian Federation in the USA.

VORONTSOV-VELJAMINOV Boris Aleksandrovich (1904-94), the Russian astronomer, the professor (1934), the member the correspondent of NPA of the USSR (1940). Has proved existence of the interstellar medium absorptive a starlight (together with R.Tramplerom, 1930), rotation of nucleus of comets (1930), has offered methods of definition of distances up to epicyclic fogs and temperature of their nucleus (1933), has discovered 1200 systems of interacting galaxies (after 1958). Has executed{has come true} detail morphological study of galaxies (1960th). The writer of many monographies and tutorials on astronomy.

VORONTSOV-DASHKOV Illarion Ivanovich (1837-1916), columns, the Russian statesman, the general from a cavalry (1880), general - aide-de-camp (1875). In 1881-97 minister for an imperial yard and destinies, one of organizers of " the Sacred team ". In 1905-15 viceroy on Caucasus. In 1914-15 commander-in-chief the Caucasian front.

The CROWS, two close kinds{views} of birds of a set voronovyh - grey and black crows. Length up to 56 see In Europe, Asia (except for JUzh. And JUgo-Vost.) and Severo-Vost. To Africa. Are capable to the composite forms of conduct.

VORONKO Platon Nikitovich (1913-88), the Ukrainian poet. Collections of verses " Karpatsky road " (1944), " dear friends " (1959), " In the name of thy will " (1974), "Rapids" (1983), verses for children. The state premium of the USSR (1951).

CROWN AND RAVENS, the river on Kola p-ove. 155 kms, the area of basin 9940 êì2. Average discharge of water 114 m3 / with. Escapes from Lovozera, runs in Barentsevo m. Thresholds and cataracts. On r. A crown and ravens - Serebrjanskoe, water reservoirs Padunskoe.

VOROPAYEV Grigory Vasiljevich (r. 1932), the Russian hydrobroad gully, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1976). Transactionses on meliorative hydrology and water resources management.

GATE, the elementary hoisting machine consisting of a drum hand-operated and a chain cable or a circuit, wound.

GATE... 1) fine-bored mountain pass or waist of a river valley with high abrupt downslopes (napr., the Iron Gate on Danube).... 2) the Short marine channel (napr., Kara straits).

VOROTAN (Bargjushad), the river to Transcaucasia, the left-handed in-leak{influx} of Araks. 178 kms, the area of basin 5650 êì2. A coordinated hydroelectric system. It is used for an irrigation.

COLLARS Vitaly Ivanovich (r. 1926), the Russian political figure, the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1986). With 1975 1-st vice-president of Council of Ministers of RSFSR. About 1979 salting of the USSR in Republic Cuba. With 1983 chairman Council of Ministers of RSFSR. In 1988-90 chairman of Presidium VS of RSFSR. The member of the Political bureau of a Central Committee of the CPSU in 1983-90.

PORTAL SYSTEMS of a blood circulation, carry out{conduct} blood between two veins, instead of between an artery and a vein. The portal system of a liver (for the person, vertebrates and a lancelet) ensures adjournment of nutrients (glycogen), detoxication of toxicant products of an exchange; the portal system of kidneys (for vertebrates, except for Cyclostoma and mammals) carries out{conducts} a venous blood from organs of motion through the capillary filter of kidneys.

VOROTYNSKY Ivan Mihajlovich (? - 1535), prince, sluzhilyj specific prince in Lithuania, with 1487 in Russian state. Voevoda in the russko-Lithuanian wars kon. 15 - 1-st chetv. 16 centuries and in act of war against Crimea.

VOROTYNSKY Michael Ivanovich (ok. 1510-73), prince, boyar and voevoda. In 1572 in Molodinskoj to battle (50 kms to the south of Moscow) has defeated the Crimean tartars. It is accused of change, has died of tortures.

VOROTYNSKOE the PRINCIPALITY, one of Verhovskih principalities.

VOROSHILOV, the title Ussuriisk in Primorski Krai 1935-1957.

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FIBERS{FILAMENTS} CHEMICAL, receive from products of a chemical processing of natural polymers (synthetic fiber) or from synthetic polymers (synfil). Manufacture (t. n. Forming) filaments chemical routinely consists of pressing a solution or a melt of polymer through apertures of a spinneret{die} on medium which invokes{produces} induration of the derivated fine fibers. Such medium at forming from melts cool air, from solutions - hot air (a "dry" way) or a special solution, t ministers. n. A settling bath (a "wet" way). Monofilament yarns, a staple fibre or a bunch from flock of fine ends, coherent are issued by the way by twist.

FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS, the plastics materials consisting of a milled fibre, impregnated thermosetting synthetic resin. The fiber reinforced plastics keeping cottony or a chemical fiber, call organovoloknitami, glass - steklovoloknitami, asbestos - asbovoloknitami. Are applied in production which should oppose well to impulsive load, napr., bodies and covers of apparatuses, gear-wheels, barrels, building panels.

VOLOKOLAMSK, city in the Russian Federation, the Moscow region, on r. Gorodenka, bliz its{her} lockins in r. A llama, in 4 kms from zh.-d. An item. Volokolamsk. 18,3 thousand inhabitants (1992). Weaving mill, litejno-mechanic factory; alimentary and other enterprises. It is known with 1135. In November 1941 in 7 kms from city, in area Dubosekovo have committed exploit 28 panfilovtsev. Voskresensky a cathedral (15 century), church of Christmas on Vozmishche (16 century). In 20 kms northward from Volokolamsk - Iosifo-Volokolamsky a monastery.

FIBER OPTICS, section opticians in which the illumination and a communication of information on optical waveguides are studied. Methods of a fiber optics are used in an optical interconnection, in medical devices (illumination{lighting} of a nasopharynx, a stomach, etc.), in high-speed filming, in a nuclear physics (registration of racetracks of nuclear particles), in phototelegraphy and telemetry (code translators and latched systems), in computer facilities, soundman, etc.

The FIBER-OPTICS CABLE of COMMUNICATION{CONNECTION}, plumps on the basis of fibre-optical light guides; it is used in systems of an optical interconnection (over the range frequencies 1013 - 1015 Hz). It is defined by immunity to a different stem to handicapes{interferences}, low loss. In systems of a multichannel communication allows to form hundred thousand voice channels.

SMOOTHING HARROW... 1) a farm implement for a presowing cultivation of soil (a bar smoothing harrow, a smoothing harrow - a spike harrow), selection of hay and straw from rolls (a rake smoothing harrow) or cleaning{removal} kopen straw (the cord coil or bezramochnaja, trailer or hinged).... 2) Beskolesnaja a carriage with the dragged cleaning cloth of the elongated thills.

VOLONTE Dzhan Maria (1933-1994), the italian actor. At kino with 1960. Has received popularity, being taken out in political films of miscellaneous genres. Politicizes and in life. Most the considerable activities: " Four days of Naples " N.Loja, 1962; " For a handful of dollars " S.Leone, 1964; " Seven brothers Sea-worms " K.Lidzani, 1968; " Business of the citizen outside of any suspicions " E.Petri, 1970; " the Christ has stayed in Eboli " F.Rozi, 1979, etc.

The VOLUNTEER (frants. volontaire) (ustar.), voluntarily proceeding on a military service.

VOLONTIR (Volontir) Mihaj (r. 1934), the Moldavian actor, the national actor of the USSR (1984). With 1957 in Beltskom theatre him{it}. V.Aleksandri. It was taken out in films "Dmitry Kantemir", " In a zone of special attention ", a TV movie "Gipsy", etc.

VOLOPAS (an armour. Bootes), mia maid of Boreal hemisphere with bright aster Arkturom.

HAIR STONE, ornamental stone, diaphanous crystal with inclusions of needles of rutile, less often than a goethite.

HAIR STONES, class of worms of type nematelmintov. A body hair-like, length up to 1,5 m, depth of 0,5-2 mm (the national title - " an alive hair "). Ok. 300 kinds{views}. Adult live loosely in water, larvas parasitize in a body of water Invertebrata, replacing in an evolutionary cycle of two hosts. To the person are harmless.

The HAIRY RHINOCEROS, extinct perissodactyl mammalian. Cable cores in serotinal{late} Pleistocene in Europe and the Sowing. Asia. An altitude more than 2 m. The body has been coated{obtected} with a heavy-bodied wool. Had 2 horns (forward{front} in length up to 1 ì). Bones and even corpses of hairy rhinoceroses find in frozen grounds (Siberia), in hardening petroleum - native paraffine (Zap. Ukraine).

BLACK-EYED SUSAN, the same, that a sedge.

VOLOSNIK, silk shapochka for married Russian women (16-18 centuries), sometimes quilted, mounted under a waterwort or a scarf.

CRAZE, defect of a rolled or wrought metal goods (primarily steel) by the way the thin, legiblly delineated treshchinok, located along a set of the current of metal at a strain (along a fiber{filament}).

VOLOSTEL, in Russian principalities (since 11 century) and in Russian state (up to it is grey. 16 century) a face heading volost and executed administrative, financial and judicial functions.

VOLOST BOARD, organ of aboriginal country self-management in Russia 2-nd floor. 19 - nach. 20 centuries. Comprised from volost foremen, village wardens and other officials, izbiravshihsja a volost tails.

The VOLOST FOREMAN, in Russia the elective official of village steering. Headed a volost tails. It was elected on 3 years by a tails, affirmed the consiliator, then zemskim the chief. Had an administrative - police authority.

VOLOST COURT, elective judicial country organ for an analysis{a disassembly} small-sized civil and criminal cases in Russia 2-nd floor. 19 - nach. 20 centuries. Could sentence to corporal punishment, the fine, the short-lived conclusion.

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The VOLKHOV river plant, on r. Volkhov, in the Leningrad region. It was plotted in 1921-26 under plan GOELRO. Power 66 MVt. An average annual yield 385 million in kw?? Hours. A head of 13,5 m. Pondage 4,3 êì3 (including an eskar. Ilmen).

VOLHOVSTROJ, the title Volkhov up to 1940.

LUPUS RED, disease from group kollagenozov. Actuates the dermal form with high-quality flow and a systemic lesion of a connective tissue and vessels, locking many internals. Transition of the first form in the second is possible{probable}.

LUPUS the TUBERCULAR, heavy form of a tuberculosis of the skin at which in its{her} strata, primarily on a face, there are the pimples disintegrating with education of ulcers and a scarring.

VOLCHANSK, city (with 1956) in the Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg region. A depot (the Wood Lupus). 14,3 thousand inhabitants (1991). Production of brown coal.

VOLCHANSK, city (with 1780) on Ukraine, the Kharkov region, on r. Wolf. A depot. 24,3 thousand inhabitants (1991). Alimentary, mild (boot, cotton) an industry; furniture factory, etc. It is based in 1674.

VOLCHEK Boris Izrailevich (1905-74), the Russian cameraman and the producer, the honored worker of arts of Russia (1958). Has removed the films put by producer M.I.Romm: "Pyshka", " Lenin in October " and " Lenin in 1918 year ", "Dream", " Secret mission ". With 1943 professor All-Union him{it}. Gerasimov of institute of Cinematography. The state premium of the USSR (1946, 1948, 1951, 1971).

VOLCHEK Galina Borisovna (r. 1933), the Russian actress, the producer, the national actress of the USSR (1989). Daughter B.I.Volcheka. With 1956 at Moscow theatre " Contemporary ", with 1972 main producer. Productions: " the Dace history " on I.A.Goncharovu (1966), M.M.Roschin (1975) "Flight level", " the Abrupt route " on E.S.Ginzburg (1989), etc. Acted in film. The state premium of the USSR (1967).

WATER SHOOTS, the same, that small a bittern; see. A bittern.

WATER SHOOTS Nikolay Nikolaevich (r. 1910), the Russian actor, the national actor of the USSR (1974). With 1937 in Dushanbinskom Russian drama theatre him{it}. Majakovskogo.

WOLF (psovye, dog), a set of mammals of a carnivora. Length of a body of 0,4-1,6 m. of 11 stems (ok. 35 kinds{views}), including guatas, red wolfs, white foxes, raccoon dogs, feneki (in all on 1 kind{view}), wolfs, foxes, etc. Are distributed widely. Some kinds{views} - object of hunting of fur animals and a fur farming. Eat harmful rodents. Can be carriers of a rabies. 8 kinds{views} and 2 subspecies in the Red Data Book of the International union of nature protection and natural resources.

The WOLF MOUTH, see. Nezarashchenie the root.

DELAY, national duhovoj a lingular musical instrument with an air reservoir (fur). It is distributed for many peoples under different titles: begpajp, gajda, duda, dudelzak, a goat, sarnaj, chimpoj, shuvyr, etc.

VOLYNOV Boris Valentinovich (r. 1934), the Russian astronaut, a pilot - astronaut of the USSR (1969), the colonel, doubly the Hero of Soviet Union (1969, 1976). Flights on "Soyuz - 5" (January 1969), "Soyuz - 21" and orbital station " Salute - 5 " (July - August 1976).

The VOLYNSK HIGH GROUND, in the west of Ukraine, between rivers Zap. Bug and Korchik (a bass. r. Sluch). An altitude up to 341 m. A Uvalisto-beam relief.

The VOLYNSK RANGE, in northwest of Ukraine. 20,2 thousand êì2. The population of 1069 thousand person (1991), urban 49 %. 11 cities, 21 urban settlement (1991.) Center - Lutsk. It is located primarily in limits Polesskoj nizm. Mean temperatures of January-5 °S, July 18 °S. A rainfall ok. 650 mm annually. The main rivers - Pripyat and Zap. Bug. Alimentary (sugar, meat, milk, etc.), mild (textile, boot, etc.) an industry. A machine industry (automobiles{cars}, devices, farm machines, bearings, etc.), wood-working, a building materials an industry. Production of mineral coal (the Lvovsko-Volynsk bass.). Crops of wheat, neigh, sugar-beet, a flux - dolguntsa; a potato growing, a vegetable raising, a fruit growing. Masses of drained grounds. A dairy - beef cattle husbandry, a swine breeding, a sheep raising. Navigation on r. Styr.

VOLYNSK Akim Lvovich (an ice-film. Name Haim Lejbovich Flekser) (1861-1926), the Russian literary and ballet critic, the theorist of art; one of initiators of modernist criticism in Russia. The master critic of " Boreal bulletin " (1891-98). In articles (collections " Russian criticism ", 1896; " Extirpation for idealism ", 1900) - searches of new aesthetic reference points, revaluation of an inheritance of V.G.Belinsky, N.G.Chernyshevskogo, etc. Books " Leonardo yes Vinci " (1900), "F.M.Dostoevsky" (1906), " the Book likovany. The alphabet of classical dance " (1925).

VOLYNTSEVSKOE the SETTLEMENT AND the BURIAL, slavonic nation of northerners of 8 century for a seconds. Volyntsevo, in the Sumy region, on Ukraine. Residues poluzemljanok and workshops, truposozhzhenija in litter bins.

DELAY (the Volynsk ground), historical range of 9-18 centuries in basins of austral inflow r. Pripyat and verhovjev Zap. Bug (the modern terrain Volynsk, Rovno, Zhitomir, boreal parts of the Ternopol and Khmelnitskiy region. Ukraine, eastern part Ljublinskogo voevodstva Poland). The most ancient population - duleby, buzhane, volynjane. Since 10 century in the Kiev Russia, with kon. 12 century in the Galitsko-Volynsk principality, about 2-nd floor. 14 century in Lithuania and Poland. With 1793-95 in Russian empire.

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VOLF Ferdinand Bogdanovich (1796 or 1797-1854), the decembrist, the headquarters - doctor. The member of the Austral society. It is convicted on 20 flying of penal servitude. With 1827 in Nerchinskih mines, with 1835 on a settlement in Irkutsk lips., Tobolsk.

VOLF (Wolf) Fridrih (1888-1953), the german writer, the public figure. In 1933-45 in anti-fascist emigration. The organizer and outstanding predstavitl german revoljutsionno-proletarian theatre: plays "Potassium cyanide" (1929), " Mariners from Katarro " (1930), etc. Anti-fascist plays "Professor Mamlok" (1934, production in the USSR in 1938), "Floridsdorf" (production and the issuing 1935), stories. A comedy " the Burgomaster Anna " (1949, it is issued in 1950), historical tragedy "Thomas Mjuntser" (1953).

VOLF Fridrih Avgust (1759-1824), the german philologist - klassik, the teacher, the member Berlin AN (with 1808). In transactionses " the Museum of sciences about antiquities " (1807-10) has stated comprehension of philology as overall antikovedenija - do-it-yourself science about antiquity with the generalpurpose historical and cultural program and has offered system of classical education for the Prussian grammar schools, rendered in 19 century influence on high school of many countries. Has laid foundation to a homeric problem (see. Gomer).

VOLF FIGURE (it is meant W), the characteristics (index) of solar activity: W = f+10g, where f - total number of sun-spots, g - figure of the groups derivated by them observed on the Sun at present of time. Volf the figure is entered by R.Volf (1848).

VOLFEN (Wolfen), city in Germany, ground Saxony - Anhalt. 43,7 thousand inhabitants (1991). Manufacture of kino and photographic materials (combine ORVO), dyes, chemical fibers, etc.

VOLFKOVICH Seeds Isaakovich (1896-1980), the Russian chemist - technologist, academician AN the USSR (1946), one of organizers of an industry of fertilizers and insectofungicides. The state premium of the USSR (1941). A golden medal him{it}. M. Century of Lomonosov AN the USSR (1977).

TUNGSTEN (an armour. Wolframium), W, a chemical element of VI group of a periodic system, atomic number 74, atomic weight 183,85. The title from german Wolf - the wolf and Rahm - cream (" the wolf foam "). Light grey metal, most high-melting of metals, firmness of 19,3 g / sm3, tïë 3380 °S. On air at routine temperature it is resistant. Main minerals - wolframite and a scheelite. A component of heat resisting glass-hard steels (tool{instrument}, fast-cutting) and alloys (pobedit, a stellite, etc.); the clear tungsten is used in the electrical engineer (a filament of lamp bulbs) and radio electronics (cathodes and anodes of electronic devices).

TUNGSTEN BACKGROUND ESHENBAH (Wolfram von Eschenbach) (ok. 1170 - ok. 1220), the german poet - minnezinger. The sermon of religious redemption in poetic tale of chivalry "Parsifal" (1198-1210; R.Wagner like opera).

TUNGSTENS CARBIDE, WC, grey crystals, at 2720 °S is decomposed. The basis{fundamentals} of cermet hard-facing alloys; it is used for doping steels, at manufacturing elements of crown bits.

TUNGSTENS OXIDE, WO3, lemon yellow crystals; tïë 1470 °S. Does not solve in water. An intermediate product in manufacture of a tungsten, wolframates, a yellow pigment for ceramics and glasses, the catalyst of hydrogenation and cracking of hydrocarbon.

WOLFRAMATES, salt tungstic acids (napr., Í2WO4). Na2WO4 use in manufacture of pigments. CaWO4, BaWO4 and MgWO4 - luminophores. Wolframates of rare-earth elements - components of laser materials.

WOLFRAMATES NATURAL, group of minerals, tungstates Í2WO4. The basis{fundamentals} of structure - octahedrons [WO6] and tetrahedrons [WO4]. The main{basic} minerals - wolframite and a scheelite. Meet in pnevmatolitovyh and hydrothermal deposits.

WOLFRAMITE, mineral of group of wolframates, (Fe, Mn) [WO4]. Impurity{additives}: Zn, Mg, Ta, Nb, etc. Versions: gjubnerit Mn [WO4], reddish colour, firmness of 7,2 g / sm3; ferberit Fe [WO4], black colour, firmness of 7,6 g / sm3. Hardness 5-5,5. Meets in grejzenah and high-temperature hydrothermal cable cores, stream gravels. The main{basic} ore of a tungsten.

TUNGSTEN ORE. Main minerals: wolframite, a scheelite, gjubnerit. Minimum percentage WO3 in ore of 0,4-0,5 %. The main{basic} impurity{additives}: Sn, Mo, Be, Au, Cu, Pb and Zn. Main getting{procuring} foreign countries - the USA, Republic Korea, Bolivia, Thailand, Canada, Australia.

WOLFSBURG (Wolfsburg), city in Germany, ground the Lower Saxony. 129,2 thousand inhabitants (1991). A car factory of firm " Volkswagen ", sewing, a canning industry.

VOLJUMORETSEPTORY (from frants. volume - volume and receptors), sensing nerve terminations in different organs and the blood vessels, responding{reacting} to a stretching of their walls.

VOLUNTARISM (from an armour. voluntas - will; the term is entered by F.Tennisom in 1883)... 1) a direction in the philosophy, construing will in the capacity of the maximum principle of life. The voluntarism is characteristic for philosophy of Augustine, John Dunsa Skota, etc. As the do-it-yourself direction for the first time was issued for Schopenhauer.... 2) the Activity which is not reckoning with objective attitudes, defined by the arbitrary solutions of faces executing her{it}.

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VORONINSKY RESERVATION, in the Russian Federation, the Tambov region. It is based in 1994. The area of 10,8 thousand ga. Forest-steppe landscapes in a valley r. A crow; bajrachnye oak - groves, piny woods, steppe epines. A muskrat; drofa, a little bustard, a golden eagle.

VORONIHIN Andrey Nikiforovich (1759-1814), the Russian architect, the representative of an empire style. Products{creations} in Saint Petersburg - the Kazan cathedral (1801-11), laid foundation to large urban band on the Neva circular, the College of mines (1806-1811) - are noted by monumental and stringent solemnity. Participat in building architectural ensembles Pavlovska and Peterhof.

VORONKOV Michael Grigorjevich (r. 1921), Russian chemists - organics, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1990). The main{basic} transactionses on silicium and seraorganicheskim to connections.

FUNNEL-SHAPED CUPS CROP (in archeology), epoch of a neolith (4 - 3 thousand up to n. e.) in the Sowing. And Center. To Europe. It is called under the characteristic form of ceramics - a cup with a funnel-shaped neck. Burials under tumuluses, in dolmenah, etc. The Economy: agriculture and cattle breeding.

CROWS Abner Arkadjevich (1910-92), the Russian scientist, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1970). The main{basic} transactionses under the theory of automatic control, synthesis of digital computing circuits for a program control. The lenin premium (1988).

CROWS Vladimir Iljich (r. 1930), the Russian critic, the literary critic, the Doctor of Philology (1988). The main{basic} orb of interests - the Russian literature of 20 century. Books: " the Truth of eyelid. About writers - winners of the Lenin premium " (1963), " Choirs of national life " (1972), "Anatoly Aleksin" (1973), " CHingiz Ajtmatov " (1976), " the Art concept: From experience of the Soviet prose 60-80-Õ " (1984).

CROWS Gennady Ivanovich (r. 1910), the Russian political figure. In 1948-55 1-st secretary Chita, in 1957-61 Orenburg obkomov the CPSU. In 1962-71 chairman of Council of Ministers of RSFSR. In 1971-73 committee chairman of the national supervisory control of the USSR. The member of a Central Committee of the CPSU in 1952-75, the member of the Political bureau (Presidium) of a Central Committee of the CPSU in 1961-73.

CROWS Nikolay Nikolaevich (1899-1968), the Russian commander, Main marshal of artillery (1944), the Hero of Soviet Union (1965). In Great Domestic war the chief of artillery and commanding artillery of Red Army, the representative Ponds of General headquarters on fronts at realization of some operations. In 1953-58 chief of Military ammunition command academy.

CROWS Nikolay Pavlovich (r. 1926), the Russian writer. In stories and stories (collections "Spring time", 1955, " Trot race in night ", 1965, "Person - echo", 1985), novels " the Youth in ZHeleznodolske " (1968), " the Vertex of summer{years} " (1976) - life of workers and the modern city. Novel - anti-Utopia "ITSELF" (1988).

CROWS Jury Petrovich (1929-93), the Russian poet, the journalist. With 1959 on press and party activity. Books of verses: "Blockage" (1973), "Street Rossi" (1979), "Balance" (1986).

VORONOVYE (vranovye), a set of birds of order sparrow. Length up to 65 see. St. 100 kinds{views}, almost everywhere. To voronovym grey and black crows, a crow, a daw, a rook, a magpie, a jay concern, etc.

BLACK George Feodosjevich (1868-1908), the Russian mathematician, corresponding member Petersburg AN (1907). Transactionses on a number theory.

BLACK Jury Jurjevich (1895-1961), the Russian surgeon. First-ever (1933) has executed{has come true} in clinic replanting of a corpse kidney ill.

FUNNELS (house martin), a bird of a set of swallows. Length ok. 13 see In Eurasia, the Sowing. To Africa. Exterminates destructive insects.

VORONSKY Alexander Konstantinovich (1884-1937), the Russian critic, the writer. The editor of the log-book " the Red virgin soil " (1921-27). In articles about the Soviet literature (collections " Art to see the world ", 1928, " Literary portraits ", t. 1-2, 1928-29) settled realism, classical traditions; accented a role of intuition in art creativity. The autobiographical story " Behind alive and dead water " (1927), "Bursa" (1933). It is repressed; it is rehabilitated posthumously.

VORONTSOV Alexander Romanovich (1741-1805), columns, the Russian statesman and the diplomat. In 1762-64 minister plenipotentiary in England, in 1764-68 in Holland, in 1773-94 president of Kommerts-board, in 1802-04 chancellor.

VORONTSOV Vasily Pavlovich (1847-1918), the Russian economist, the sociologist, one of ideologists of liberal populists 80-90-Õ of 19 century. Opposed Russian marksistov.

VORONTSOV Michael Illarionovich (1714-1767), columns, the Russian statesman and the diplomat. In 1741 participant of palace tumble and arrest pravitelnitsy Annas Leopoldovny. With 1744 vice-chancellor, in 1758-62 chancellor.

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The VORONEZH RANGE, in the Russian Federation. 52,4 thousand êì2. The population of 2475 thousand person (1992), urban 62 %. 15 cities, 22 urban settlements (1991.) Center - Voronezh. A surface flat; in the west - Central Russian vozv. Mean temperatures of January-9 °S, July 20 °S. A rainfall ok. 500 mm annually. The rivers a bass. Don. Voronezh and Hopersky reservations. A machine industry (machine-tool construction, radio electronic, an aircraft industry, an agricultural machine industry, etc.), chemical (synthetic rubber, splints, etc.), himiko-pharmaceutical, alimentary, a light industry. Novovoronezhskaja atomic power station. Crops of wheat, neigh, barley, corn, a buckwheat, sugar-beet, sunflower. A potato growing. A vegetable raising. A fruit growing. Cultivate a large horned stock, pigs, ovets; a breeding horse - breeding.

VORONEZH TJAZHELOUPRJAZHNAJA the HORSE, aboriginal, is introduced and gets divorced in the Voronezh region. Animal large, hardy, unpretentious, serviceable.

VORONEZH " CROWDED TUMULUSES ", the Scythian burial (41 dike) for Voronezh. Burials in wooden chambers under tumuluses with implements, weapons, etc.

The VORONEZH RESERVATION, biosphere on border{limit} of the Voronezh and Lipetsk region, on a watershed of the rivers Voronezh and Usman. It is based in 1927. The area 31053 ga. Bohrs, oak - groves, alder forests. Indigenous colony of beavers, deers; a grey crane, nejasyt, etc.

The VORONEZH RUSSIAN NATIONAL CHORUS, is built in 1942. The first chief (up to 1964) - K.I.Massalitinov. With 1987 academic.

The VORONEZH CROSS-OVER of members " the Earth and will " (19 participants; 18-21.6.1879), has made a decision about change of the program of organization. The point on a political struggle and a terror is included. The temporary compromise between "policies" è "derevenshchikami" has not prevented split which has taken place in August 1879.

The VORONEZH OPERA AND BALLET THEATRE, is open{discovered} in 1961 as the Musical theatre (on the basis built in 1931 Theatres of the musical comedy), about 1968 modern title.

The VORONEZH UNIVERSITY, is based in 1918. Plots experts on physical and mathematical, biological, chemical, geologo-geographycal sciences, histories, philologies, to economy, the right. In 1990 ok. 13 thousand students.

VORONEL Nina Abramovna (r. 1932), the Russian writer. With 1974 in emigration in Israel. It began to be published as perevodchitsa and the writer of stories for children (collections: "Crossroad", 1965, "Alarm", 1967). In the dramatic art figuring the Soviet real 1960 - nach. 70th, put actual political problems. Collections of plays: " Ashes and ash " (1977), " Six eight - magpies eight " (1987), " the Cashier of eternity " (1987), etc.

BURNISHING, obtaining thermal or chemical treatment on a surface of steel or cast-iron items of the decorative (brown, deep blue, black) or a blanket of iron oxides (0,004-2,5 microns). A version of oxygenating.

VORONIN Alexander Mihajlovich (r. 1937), the Russian biologist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1994). The main{basic} probes on genetics of microorganisms. Activities on biotechnological methods of environmental protection.

VORONIN Vladimir Ivanovich (1890-1952), the Russian captain of icebreaking fleet. The participant of salvage of expedition U.Nobile (1928). Captain "Sibirjakova" (1932), "CHeljuskina" (1933-34), icebreaker " Åðìàê " (1934-38). Headed the Soviet whaling flotilla "Glory" (1946-47).

VORONIN Grigory Ivanovich (1906-87), the Russian scientist, the expert in range of a kriogenno-vacuum technology and an air handling, Dr.Sci.Tech. (1951), the honored worker of science and technique of RSFSR (1967), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1961). In 1939-85 - the chief designer. Under his{its} guiding air conditioning systems for pressure maintenance, temperature, humidity and purity of air in cabins of flight vehicles are built. The lenin premium (1966), the State premium of the USSR (1949, 1952).

VORONIN Leonid Grigorjevich (1908-83), the Russian physiologist, corresponding member AN the USSR (1968) and NPA of the USSR (1968). The main{basic} activities on conditioned reflexes, physiologies and evolution of the maximum nervous activity.

VORONIN Michael Stepanovich (1838-1903), Russian botanik, the mycologist, the academician Petersburg AN (1898). Probeed evolutionary cycles of mushrooms, fungous diseases of agricultural crops. One of first has described nodule bacteria (1866).

VORONIN Michael Jakovlevich (r. 1945), the Russian sportsman (gymnastics), the deserved master of the sport (1966), the deserved trainer of the USSR (1980). The absolute world champion (1966), Europe (1967, 1969) and the USSR (1967-71); the champion of Olympic Games (1968), the world (1966), Europe (1967-71) and the USSR (1966-72) in separate kinds{views} of multiathlon.

VORONIN Nikolay Nikolaevich (1904-76), the Russian archeologist, the historian of the architecture. Has discovered and probeed a palace in Bogolyubov (12 century). The transactionses dedicated Ñåâåðî-Âîñò architecture. And Zap. Russia. The lenin premium (1965), the State premium of the USSR (1952).

VORONIN Paul Andreevich (1903-84), the general - major of an engineering - air service (1944), doubly the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1941, 1982). With 1940 deputy narkoma an aircraft industry of the USSR, with 1946 director and the general director of an air production association. The lenin premium (1976).

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VOROBEVA Emilija Ivanovna (r. 1934), the Russian zoologist, a paleontologist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1990). Transactionses on structural botany, evolution and ecology of the modern and minerals of vertebrates (a fish, amphibian, kowtowing).

VOROBEVIT, a mineral, a version of beryl of the pink colour, keeping impurity{additives} of alkaline elements, manganese.

SPARROWS, stem of birds of a set tkachikovyh. Length 12-15 see. For samtsov many views on a throat a black speck. 18 kinds{views}, are distributed widely. Almost all flocking, and in the season{term} of a nesting colonial birds. Some damage crops. The arid sparrow is guarded.

SPARROW, order of birds. Length of 9 sm (goldcrests) - 70 sm (crow). St. 5 thousand kinds{views} (ok. All 3/5 kinds{views} of birds); ok. In 4 thousand kinds{views} fall into with the choirboy sparrow. Are distributed widely.

VOROVICH Joseph Izrailevich (r. 1920), the Russian scientist, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1990). Transactionses on continuum mechanics, a nonlinear shell theory, the elastic theory, etc. The State premium of the USSR (1983).

VOROVSKY Vaclav Vatslavovich (1871-1923), the Russian political figure, the publicist. One of the first literary critics-ìàðêñèñòîâ. Since November 1917 salting in the Scandinavian countries, with 1921 ambassador in Italy. It is killed by the White Guard in Lausanne.

VOROGUSHIN Nikolay Ivanovich (1889-1938), the scientist in range of thermotechnics, pupil N.E.Zhukovskogo. Worked in a TsAGI, TSIAM, MAI, etc. The Main{Basic} transactionses in range of the theory of aircraft engines.

FORTUNETELLING, city (with 1959) on Ukraine, the Sumy region. A railway junction. 9,8 thousand inhabitants (1991). Factory of metalworks, a meat-packing factory; the enterprises of a railway transport. It is based in 1672 as a settlement.

VOROZHEJKIN Arseny Vasilyevich (r. 1912), doubly the Hero of Soviet Union (1944), the general - major of aircraft (1954). In Great Domestic war in a fighter aviation, the squadron commander and the deputy of the regiment commander; ok. 300 sorties, has knocked down 52 airplanes.

VOROZHEJKIN Grigory Alekseevich (1895-1974), the Russian commander, marshal of aircraft (1944). In Great Domestic war commanding air force of Central front, the chief of an Air Force Staff of Red Army, in 1942-46 1-st deputy of commanding air force of Red Army.

VOROZHTSOV George Nikolaevich (r. 1935), Russian chemists - organics, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1990). The son and grandson N. Í. and N.N.Vorozhtsovyh. The main{basic} transactionses on chemistry and technologies of dyes and intermediate products for them, heat-resistant polymers, materials for microelectronics.

VOROZHTSOV Nikolay Nikolaevich (1881-1941), Russian chemists - organics, one of organizers domestic anilinokrasochnoj an industry. The main{basic} transactionses on derivative naphthalene, to azo dyes. The state premium of the USSR (1952, posthumously).

VOROZHTSOV Nikolay Nikolaevich (1907-79), Russian chemists - organics, academician AN the USSR (1966). Son N.N.Vorozhtsova. Has developed methods of obtaining and probe of reaction of polyfluoroaromatic connections. The state premium of the USSR (1952).

CROW (vran), in old russian account{invoice} 10 one million.

CROW, the adaptation by the way a solid hook or the well "crane", used in an antiquity for destruction of fortifications, transplantations to walls of strength of armed soldiers and at boarding the ships{spacecrafts}.

CROW, a bird of a set voronovyh. Length up to 70 see. A beak solid, legs and all plumage black. In Eurasia, the Sowing. To America, the Sowing. To Africa.

CROW, the river in the European part of the Russian Federation, dextral in-leak{influx} Hopra. 454 kms, the area of basin of 13,2 thousand êì2. Average discharge of water 41,5 m3 / with.

VORONEZH, city in the Russian Federation, the centre of the Voronezh region, on r. Voronezh. A railway junction. 902 thousand inhabitants (1992). A machine industry (rigs, airplanes, excavators, items of a radio electronic industry, etc.), chemical and himiko-pharmaceutical, wood-working, alimentary, a light industry. 9 high schools (including university), 4 theatres. Museums: art, study of local lore, fine arts; the Dwelling - museum of poets I.S.Nikitin and A.V.Koltsov. I.A.Bunin Rhodinum, A.P.Platonova. It is based in 1585 as strength.

VORONEZH, the river in the European part of the Russian Federation, the left-handed in-leak{influx} of Don. It will be derivated by interflow Wood and Polnogo Voronezh. 342 kms, the area of basin of 21,6 thousand êì2. It is navigable on 271 kms from a mouth. Water reservoir, Lipetsk.

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QUESTION MARK, the punctuation mark (?) staked in the extremity (in some tongues, napr., in spanish, and in the beginning, in an inverted kind{view}) a question.

SEAL OIL, the obsolete title of marine animal oil and some fishes (rattles, etc.).

VORVULEV Nikolay Dmitrievich (1917-67), the Byelorussian and Ukrainian singer (baritone), the national actor of the USSR (1956). With 1946 in Byelorussian, with 1957 at the Ukrainian theatre of opera and ballet.

VORDSVORT (Uordsuort) (Wordsworth) William (1770-1850), the English poet - romantik. The representative of " lacustrine school ". " Lyrical ballads " (together with S.T.Kolridzhem, 1798), a poem "Prelude" (it is published in 1850). Has approximated poetic tongue to informal conversation.

VORKUTA, city (with 1943) in the Russian Federation, Republic Komi, behind the Polar circle, on r. Vorkuta. A depot. 116 thousand inhabitants (1992.) Center of the Pechora coal basin (combine " Âîðêóòàóãîëü "). Mechanic, mechanical-repair, cement, wood-working and other factories. 2 theatres.

VORMSI (Vormsi), an island in Moonzundskom arh., in Baltic m., in structure of Estonia. 93 êì2. Fishery.

VORMSSKY the CONCORDAT 1122, is encased in german. Vorms, has finished extirpation for investiture. Emperor of " Sacred Roman empire " was refused for the benefit of Roman dads from spiritual investiture; in Germany (but not in Italy and Burgundy) to emperor the right of sharing{participation} in election of diocesans and abbes was ensured.

VORMSSKY EDIKT 1521, it is issued by emperor of " Sacred Roman empire " Charles V; declared Luther the heretic and put it{him} outside of the law. It is disclosed on rejhstage in. Vorms.

SPARROWS Alexey Alekseevich (r. 1931), the Russian physics - experimenter, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991). Transactionses on nuclear physics and fundamental particles. The state premium of the USSR (1983).

SPARROWS Arcady Nikitich (r. 1924), the Russian sportsman (weightlifting), the deserved master of the sport (1952), the deserved trainer of the USSR (1964), the doctor of medical sciences (1970). The champion of Olympic Games (1956, 1960), the repeated champion and the champion of the world, Europe and the USSR in 1950-1959.

SPARROWS Vladimir Vasiljevich (r. 1929), Russian ekonomikogeograf, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1990). Transactionses on economic geography, geography of the population and cities of Siberia.

SPARROWS Vladimir Petrovich (1876-1937), the Ukrainian anatomist, academician AN of Ukraine (1934). Probes on anatomy of nervous system. Has developed stereomorphological methods of preparing. The writer of " the Atlas of anthropotomy " (t. 1-5, 1938-42). Participat in an embalming of a body of V.I.Lenina. The premium him{it}. V.I.Lenina (1927).

SPARROWS Vladimir Petrovich (r. 1912), the Russian shipbuilder, the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1963). The chief designer of designs of combat ships. The lenin premium (1970), the State premium of the USSR (1949).

SPARROWS Eugeny Zaharovich (1911-90), the Russian writer. Novels "Altitude" (1952) about builders of large factory, " the Hunt to vicissitude of places " (1978). The book " Moscow. Close to heart " about the defence of city in 1941-42.

SPARROWS Ivan Alekseevich (r. 1921), doubly the Hero of Soviet Union (1944, 1945), the colonel (1956). In Great Domestic war in an attack aviation, the squadron commander; ok. 400 sorties.

SPARROWS Konstantin Dmitrievich (1919-75), the Russian writer. In the autobiographical stories noted by psychologic accuracy, the ruthless plotting of a wanton cruelty of war ("Cry", 1962; " Are killed near Moscow ", 1963; " It we, My God! ", it is uncompleted, 1943, it is published in 1986), tragedies of collectivization (" Wash friend Momich ", 1965, it is published in 1988). Stories.

SPARROWS Maxim Nikiforovich (1787-1855), the Russian painter. The representative of romanticism. Landscapes - architectonic kinds{views} of Moscow, Petersburg - combine accuracy of a perspective with a diversification of effects of illumination{lighting}.

SPARROWS Michael Petrovich (1896-1957), the Russian commander, marshal of an engineering troops (1944). In Great Domestic war the chief of engineering troops Zap. Front, with 1942 - an engineering troops of the Soviet Army (till April 1946).

SPARROWS (an ice-film. fam. Bogaevsky) Nikolay Nikolaevich (1908-89), the Russian poet. In structure of the Don Cossack body in 1920 has been evacuated to Egypt; after cable cores in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Germany, the USA. A poem " Kondraty the Bulavin " (1965) - about the Cossack revolt on Don. Poetic collections: " Verses about miscellaneous " (1969), " About chelovechkah from other planet " (1972).

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VOLJUPTAS (an armour. Enjoying), in Roman mythology (in Àïóëåÿ version) daughter Psihei, olitsetvorenie pleasures.

VOLUTE (ital. voluta, characters. - a curl), architectonic motive in the form of a strombuliform curl with "eye" at the centre. A constituent part of order small caps; an architectonic component part of corbels, gantries, doors, windows.

WILL, ability to selection of activity and the internal gains necessary for its{her} implementation. The specific certificate{act}, irreducible to consciousness and activity as such. Executing acts of will, the person stands up to{counters;resists} to an authority of directly tested requirements, impulsive desires: for an act of volition typically not experience " I want ", and experience "is necessary", " I should ", realization of a valuable target signature of action. The strong-willed conduct actuates the decision marking often attending with extirpation of motives (the certificate{act} of selection), and his{its} realization.

" WILL of RUSSIA ", Russian periodicals: the weekly newspaper (1920-22), a weekly journal (1922-24), monthly political and a literary magazine (1924-32), Prague. Among editors - M.L.Slonim. Products{creations} of writers - emigrants and the Soviet writers were typed.

VOMAN (Wohmann) Gabriela (r. 1932), the german writer. In novels " Now and never " (1958), " Paulinhen was at home one " (1974), " Walk with mother " (1976), stories (the collection "Loneliness", 1982) - problems of the modern family, human mutual understanding.

VOMBATY, a set of mammals of a marsupialia. Length of a body ok. 1 m. 2-3 kinds{views}, in Australia and Tasmania. 1 kind{view} in the Red Data Book of the International union of nature protection and natural resources.

VOMPERSKY Stanislav Eduardovich (r. 1930), Russian lesoved, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1990). Probes on structure, dynamics{changes} of development and a biological effeciency of wood and paludous biogeocenoses.

VONDEL (Vondel) Jost van den (1587-1679), the Netherlands poet and the playwright. The prominent representative of a classicism. A drama "Passover" (1612), tragedies "Maria Stjuart" (1646), "Lucifer" (1654) on historical and biblical scenes. The collection " Miscellaneous verses " (1644-47) patriotic characters.

VONDZHU, city in Republic Korea. 173 thousand inhabitants (1990). A traffic centre. Mild and a food-processing industry.

VONIFATY (Bonifaty) Tarsijsky (mind{wit}. 290), the Christian martyr damaged in persecution of emperor Diokletiana, slave Aglaidy Roman. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on December, 19 (on January, 1), in Roman catholic on May, 14.

"VONKISTY", members of Liberal party in Belgium in 1787-90. The title named leader Z.F.Vonka (J. F. Vonck). Participat in Brabant revolution 1789-90.

VONNEGUT (Vonnegat) (Vonnegut) Kurt (r. 1922), the American writer. Roman " the Mechanic piano " (1952, Russian transfer{translation} - " the Utopia 14 ", 1967), " the Cradle for a grapnel " (1963), " the Abattoir number five " (1969), "Hut" (1976), " Prison ptashka " (1982), "Galapagos" (1985) dissect severe paradoxes of a scientific and technological revolution, discredit concepts of a technocracy and stsientizma which realization is involved in social cataclysm and moral degeneration. The prose combines methods of science fiction with traditions grotesque and pritchevoj literatures. The collection of an essay "Palm sunday" (1981).

VONSOVSKY Sergey Vasiljevich (r. 1910), the Russian physics - theorist, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1966), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1969). The chairman of Presidium of Ural centre of science AN the USSR (1971-86). The founder of school under the theory of magnetism. Transactionses on solid-state theory, the magnetic phenomena, the theory of metals and alloys, semiconductors, a superconductivity. The state premium of the USSR (1975, 1982).

FANCY (imagination), the mental activity consisting in building of submissions and imaginary situations, never as a whole recognizing by the person actually. Distinguish reconstructing fancy and creative fancy.

ARMED FORCES, part of structure of the state, the bound with fulfilment of his{its} external functions (national defense, etc.). One of the major elements of military organization of the state. Till 20 century. Armed forces actuated overland army and a VTR. The modern Armed forces will consist of different kinds{views} of Armed forces (a land forces, air force, a VTR, etc.), some military organizations of the state (napr., in the USA - national guards), the supreme bodies of military steering, organs of back. Kinds{views} of Armed forces are divided on service arms (a stem of forces in a VTR, an aviation category) and a special troops. Armed forces are completed on the basis of an overall conscription or on the contract basis{fundamentals}.

ARMED FORCES of the United Nations, form by the United Nations according to the Charter for maintenance or restoration of an international peace and safety within the framework of system of collective security. The Security Council can create Armed forces of the United Nations in different areas of a terrestrial globe for an avoidance of resumption of armed conflicts, assistance to restoration and conservation of the law order, recurring to normal conditions of life, and also with the purposes of unlocking and acknowledgement{confirmation} of withdrawal of troops of the conflicting parties, overseeing by a cessation of fire and truce agreements. Armed forces of the United Nations were directed to Palestine (1948), to Cyprus (1964), to Lebanon (1978), to Iraq (1991), to Yugoslavia, in a number{series} of other locales. The Nobel Prize of the world (1988).

" ARMED FORCES of the SOUTH of RUSSIA " (VSJUR), a White Guard troops during the Civil war. Are built in January 1919 by association under a command of general - lieutenant A.I.Denikina of Volunteer army and belokazachjej the Don army. In structure VSJUR entered{included} also the Krymsko-Azov volunteer army (January February 1919), Turkestani army (January 1919 - February 1920), 3-rd separate army body (March - December 1919), a troops of Boreal Caucasus (since March 1919), the Caucasian army (since May 1919), the Black Sea fleet. In kon. July 1919 VSJUR totalled over 160 thousand person. In 1919-20 have been routed; residues VSJUR have departed to Crimea where on their basis{fundamentals} by general - lieutenant P.N.Vrangelem it has been built t. n. " Russian army ".

ARMED NEUTRALITY... 1) Armed neutrality 1780-83, the union of Russia, Denmark and Sweden with the purpose of guarding{preservation} a merchant shipping of neutral{inert} countries in a course of war of the English colonys in the Sowing. To America for independence.... 2) Armed neutrality 1800, the same including Prussia, built under the initiative of Paul I after an output of Russia from 2-nd antiFrench coalition. It is directed against England. After mors of Paul I has lost force.

VOPRA, the All-Russia society (All-union association) of proletarian architects in 1929-32. Members VOPRA (K.S.Alabjan, A.V.Vlasov, A.G.Mordvinov), close on conceptually - creative installations RAPPu and Proletkultu, declared building the class proletarian architecture, invoked to maintain a new collective household activities.

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VOLT, a mild silky cotton.

VOLT (Volta) Alessandro (1745-1827), italian physics and the physiologist, one of founders of the doctrine about an electricity. Has created the first chemical current source (1800, the voltaic pile). Has discovered a contact potential difference.

VOLT the ELEMENT, a galvanic cell, for which positive electrode - a copper plate, negative - zinc, an electrolyte - a solution of Sodium chloridum or sulfuric acid; electromotive force of 1,0 Century A.Voltoj Is offered.

The VOLT-AMPERE, SI unit of total power of an electric circuit alternating-current, i.e. power of an electric circuit at effective values of current intensity 1 And and pressure{voltage;stresses} of 1 Century Is meant V·A. Consider also the active power expressed in watts, and a reactive power expressed in pitches.

E-I CHARACTERISTIC, relation of pressure{voltage;stress} to a current (or a current from pressure{voltage;stress}) on a circuit portion; expresses routinely by the way the schedule{chart} or the table.

VOLTAMPEROMETRIJA, set{combination} of electrochemical methods of the quantitative and a qualitative analysis, is based on definition of relation between current intensity and polarization potential at an electrolysis of a solution or a melt of studied substance.

VOLTERRA (Volterra) Vito (1860-1940), italian mathematician, foreign corresponding member Petersburg AN (1908), foreign honorary member AN the USSR (1926). Transactionses on mathematical physics, integral and integro-differential equations, a functional analysis.

VOLTIZHERY (frants. voltigeurs), a kind{view} of a mild infantry in France in 1804-71, trained in neat shooting and management of investigation.

EQUESTRIAN VAULTING (voltizh)... 1) a kind{view} of equestrian sport and a horse circus (pereprygivanie, flight of a rider-type brush to the partner from the horse on the horse, etc.).... 2) the Kind{View} of dynamic acrobatics, gymnastics (belching of partners, flight from a trapezoid on a trapezoid, etc.).

The VOLTAGE METER, gauge meter of electromotive force or pressure{voltage;stress} (in mkV, mV, In, kV) in electric circuits; it is actuated in bridge to a load.

VOLTAIC ARC, the same, that an electric arc.

The BOOSTER TRANSFORMER, the electrical variable-ratio transformer which is powered up by the secondary coil in succession in a circuit of a secondary coil of other (main{basic}) transformer for regulation or a constant-voltage regulation in the load circuit.

VOLTURN, see. Evr.

VOLF Krista (r. 1929), the german writer. Stories " the Cracked root " (1963), " Speculations about Kriste Ò. " (1968) about intelligency of the German Democratic Republic; the story " No a place. Anywhere " (1979) about G.Klejste; the extremely topical story " Emergency. The chronicle of one day " (1987); the psychologic novel " Modes{Images} of the childhood " (1976). Stories (collection "Unter-den-Linden", 1974). An essay.

VOLF Mavriky Osipovich (1825-83), the Russian publisher (Saint Petersburg, with 1853). Issued the scientific literature (primarily transferable), compositions of Russian writers, the log-book " Around of light " (with 1861), etc. In 1882 M.O.Volf " (existed{breathed} up to 1918) has organized " Company.

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FREEDMEN, in antique and rannefeodalnom a society slaves, tempered on freedom or the redeemed relations remaining in a miscellaneous degree to the former master.

FREEDOM POETIC, conceded in verses by tradition minor deviation{rejection} from tongue norms{standards}: " From a flame and light the born word " (M.J.Lermontov).

FREE CITIES german, originally (with 13 - nach. 14 centuries) the cities released from under an authority of the feudal seigneur and achieving self-management. Were gradually balanced with imperial cities, become to call as free imperial cities (up to nach. 19 century). Longest (and in 20 century) Lubek, Hamburg, Bremen had the status of free city.

FREE SCAPES (frantirery), a kind{view} of an irregular infantry in France in 15-19 centuries; led guerilla actions during ex - Prussian war. The title of participants of the French Resistance movement in 2-nd world war (see. Frantirery and guerrillas).

FREE GRAIN GROWERS, in Russia the peasants free from krepostnicheskoj of relation with ground under the Decree 1803, ground the voluntary agreement with landowners. To it is grey. 19 century 151 thousand shower of a male sex is free.

The FREE CITY, in the international law - the do-it-yourself territorial - political neutralized and demilitarized education, which legal regime is established{set} by international treaties and guaranteed by the states or international organizations. Free cities were Krakow (under the Austrian tract 1815), Danzig (under the Versailles peace treaty 1919).

FREE VERSE, in sillabo-tonic stihoslozhenii, predominary in jambe, loose alternation{sequence} raznostopnyh by quantity of lines. In Russian poetry the routine dimension basen, many elegy and messages nach. 19 century, poetic comedies and dramas. (to not admix with a loose verse).

VOLNJANSK, city (with 1966) on Ukraine, Zaporozhye region. A depot. 18 thousand inhabitants (1991). Factories: tool{instrument}, plastic items.

VOLPIN Mark Efimovich (r. 1923), the Russian chemist, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1987). Transactionses on not benzenoid aromatic compounds, carbenes. Has discovered (1964, together with V.B.Shurom) a nitrogen fixation at ambient temperature nizkovalentnymi organometallic compounds. The lenin premium (1963), the State premium of the USSR (1982).

VOLS (Wols; an ice-film. A name and fam. Schultz Alfred) (1913-1951), the French artist. The native of Germany, with 1932 worked in Paris. The photographer of the ekspressivno-imaging direction is known as well as. Has become in 1940th the largest master informelja, creating some kind of "psychograms", painting and to the schedule{chart}, pathetically relaying nervous and melancholic life of creative intelligence.

VOLSINII (Volsinii), city etruskov (7 century - 264 up to n. e.) in Center. Italy. Residues of strengthening and temples.

VOLSK, city (with 1780) in the Russian Federation, the Saratov region, a port on Volga (Volgograd vdhr.). Depot (Privolskaja). 65,2 thousand inhabitants (1992.) Center of a cement industry; factories: "Metal worker", tanning, tannin extracts, etc. Theatre. 2 museums. It is known from 17 century.

VOLSKI, ancient nation in Center. Italy, probably, affine to umbers. In 2-nd floor. 4 century up to n. e. pokoreny Romans.

VOLSKY Anton Nikolaevich (1897-1966), the Russian metallurgist, academician AN the USSR (1960). The main{basic} transactionses under the theory of chemical equilibriums in melts. The lenin premium (1965), the State premium of the USSR (1949, 1953).

VOLSKY Arcady Ivanovich (r. 1932), the Russian political figure. With 1955 on technical-engineer activity. The member of a Central Committee of the CPSU in 1986-91. With 1991 vice-president of Inter-republican economic committee. With 1992 president of the Russian union of industrialists and businessmen. The state premium of the USSR (1971).

VOLSKY Victor Vatslavovich (r. 1921), the Russian economist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1984), the Hero of Soviet Union (1945). The main{basic} transactionses on economy of Latin America and problems of economic. The state premium of the USSR (1987).

VOLT, SI unit of an electric pressure, electric potential difference, electromotive force (generated voltage). It is called named A.Volty. It is meant Century 1 In = 108/ñ by a unit. C.G.S.E.? 1/300 units. C.G.S.E. = 108 units. C.G.S.M., with - value of speed of light in air void.

VOLT PER METER, a SI unit of electric field strength. It is meant V/m. 1 V/m = 1/3·10-4 units. C.G.S.E.? 106 units. C.G.S.M.

VOLT (Volta), the river in Zap. To Africa, primarily in Ghana. It will be derivated by interflow White and Black Volta. 1600 kms (from headstreams of Black Volta), the area of basin of 394 thousand êì2. Runs into the Guinean hall. Main in-leak{influx} - r. Oti. Average discharge of water 1288 m3 / with. It is navigable on 400 kms from a mouth. A river plant. Main ports - the Siberian salmon - Krachi, Akosombo.

VOLT, see in an item. The musical letter.

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VOLYNJANE (velynjane), association of different nations of eastern slavs in basin of headwaters Zap. Bug in 10-11 centuries.

"VOLVO" (Volvo), the Swedish automobile company master in motor industry of the Scandinavian countries. It is based in 1929. Sales volume 14,6 billion dol. (1-n in country), a net profit 730 million dollars, extension{issue} (1987) automobile motor vehicles of 424 thousand pieces, cargo 46 thousand pieces, figure occupied in 78,6 thousand person (kon. 1980th).

VOLVOKS, a stem of green algae. Mobile colonial organisms (spherical colonys up to 3 mm across diameter). Ok. 20 kinds{views}. Live in lentic fresh waters, giving them green colour.

VOLGEMUT (Wolgemut) Michael (1434-1519), the german painter and a graver. The representative of the Nuremberg school. Keeping principles pozdnegoticheskoj painting altars in Zwickau (1479), Fojhtvangene (1484), SHvabahe (1508). The largest monument of early book printing - case histories to " the World chronicle " G.Shedelja (1491-94). In workshop Volgemuta in 1486-89 A.Djurer studied.

POULTRY YARD, a fenced in site (with a canopy or open{discovered}) with cells joining{associating} to her or cabins for the content small-sized animal (rabbits, fur-bearing animals, birds, dogs) in zverovodcheskih economies, zoological gardens, on exhibitions.

VOLKENSHTEJN Michael Vladimirovich (1912-92), Russian fizikohimik and biophysics, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1966). Transactionses on a molecular spectrum analysis, physics of molecules and macromolecules, molecular biophysics. The state premium of the USSR (1950)

VOLKER (Wolker) Jirzhi (1900-24), the Czech poet. Collections " the Visitor on a threshold " (1921), " Hour of a birth " (1922), the article " Proletarian art ".

VOLMAR, the official title of. Valmiera in Latvia up to 1917.

FREE-STYLE WRESTLING, kind{view} of wrestling in which the considerable freedom in selection of technique is given participants: different captures (including legs), joggles and podbivy. The modern free-style wrestling has engendered in England (kon. 19 century). In International amateur federation of extirpation (FILA; it is based in 1912) 112 countries (1992). In the program of Olympic Games with 1904, world championships with 1951, Europe with 1928.

FREE RUSSIAN SEAL{PRINTING}, in the historical literature the title of the uncensored issuings which were going out outside Russia in Russian in 1849-1917. With it is grey. 60th were emitted basically in Switzerland, delivered to Russia by revolutionary organizations. With nach. 20 century the greatest distribution{propagation} had issuings of the Consignment of socialists - revolutionaries and RSDRP.

FREE RUSSIAN PRINTING HOUSE... 1) A.I.Gertsena in the London in 1853-65 (with 1856 together with N.P.Ogarevym) and in Geneva in 1865-1868. The beginning of the regular issuing of the Russian uncensored literature ("Alloying basket", "North star", etc.); leaflets, books;... 2) J.A.Sulina and other in Moscow (December 1860 - February 1861), first clandestine in Russia; the issuing of compositions of A.I.Gertsena and N.P.Ogaryov.

VOLNI (Wollny) Martin Evald (1846-1901), the german agriculturist and a pedologist, one of creators of an agricultural physics. Probeed a physical mode of soils, influence of a plant cover and different methods of machining on fertility of soils.

VOLNOV Gennady Georgievich (r. 1939), the Russian sportsman (basketball), the deserved master of sport (1964), the trainer. The champion of Olympic Games (1972), the world (1967), the repeated champion of Europe and the USSR (in 1959-69).

VOLNOV Ivan Egorovich (1885-1931), the Russian writer. Autobiographical " the Story about days of my life " (kn. 1-3, 1912-13), dedicated destiny of peasantry.

VOLNOGORSK, city (with 1964) on Ukraine, Dnepropetrovsk region, bliz zh.-d. An item. Volnogorsk. 25,4 thousand inhabitants (1991). Verhnedneprovsky mining-and-metallurgical integrated works (production and a thorough revision of titanium ores); glass, etc. an industry.

FREE SOCIETY of FANS{AMATEURS} of the RUSSIAN LITERATURE, literary society in Saint Petersburg in 1816-25. Among members: F.N.Glinka (chairman), K.F.Ryleyev, N. À. and A.A.Bestuzhevy, V.K.Kuechelbeker, N.I.Gnedich, A.A.Delwig, A.S.Griboedov, etc.

FREE ECONOMIC SOCIETY (VEO), the first Russian science foundation, is based in 1765 in Saint Petersburg. Has published the first statistiko-geographycal probes of Russia, promoted an introduction in an agriculture of a new agricultural engineering, conducted discussion of economic problems. Among figures: A.T.Bolotov, A.A.Nartov, admiral A.I.Sinjavin, G.R.Derzhavin, K.D.Kavelin, D.I.Mendeleev, V.V.Dokuchayev, A.M.Butlerov, P.P.Semenov-Tjan-Shansky. Because of afflictings authorities has actually stopped activity in 1915.

VOLNOOPREDELJAJUSHCHIJSJA, the serviceman in Russian and foreign armies in 19 - nach. 20 centuries, voluntarily proceeding on a military service after obtaining the maximum or secondary education and bearing a service on favourable terms.

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VOLOST TAILS, organ of aboriginal country self-management in Russia 2-nd floor. 19 - nach. 20 centuries. Comprised of elective village and volost officials and peasants - domohozjaev. Executed restricted administrative - judicial, fiscal and police functions, it was monitored by consiliators and zemskimi chiefs.

VOLOST, administrative and territorial unit of Russia. In Other. Russia - all terrain of ground (principality); polusamostojatelnyj destiny; village terrain, subject to city. With kon. 14 century - a part of district. With 1861 - unit of class country steering. It has been abolished by Administrative-territorial reform 1923-29.

HAIR, the horn derivative leathers which are generatrix a coat for mammals and the person. Contain the pigments defining their colour. Protect a body from bruises and heat wastes. The lower storey of a coat for many mammals will derivate a undergrowth of fur. For some animal (elephants, rhinoceroses) the leather almost denuded a hair. To a hair are routinely connected grease, and sometimes and sweat glands. Many mammals in the spring and have molting in the autumn. Lifetime of a hair for the person on the average 2-4 years.

HAIR VERONIKI (an armour. Coma Berenices), mia maid of Boreal hemisphere; in Hair Veroniki there is visible to a naked eye a dissipated sidereal clump.

HAIR MITES, set of mites of order akariformnyh. Length of 0,1-0,7 mm. Stomatic organs adapted to affixion to a hair of an animal - host. 300 kinds{views}. Parasitize in a mammalian hair fiber. Can invoke{produce} chesotkopodobnoe an irritation of a leather.

VOLOTOVO, village bliz Novgorod; in Volotovo a given away monument of Russian art - church of assumption of the Birth-Giver of God (1352, paintings between 1363 and 1390). An one-headed cubic temple with two frame ledges; it eroded by german aggressors, it is recovered{restored} (after 1964), including paintings.

VOLOF (uolof), people in Senegal (4,1 million person). Mali live also in Mauritania, Gambia, etc. The Aggregate number 4,36 million person (1992). Tongue volof. Moslems - sunnity believing main{basic}.

VOLOF, falls into zapadnoatlanticheskim to tongues. Writing on the basis of the latin alphabet.

VOLOHI (vlahi), an east - Romanesque nationality{national character}, ancestors of the modern Moldavians and the Romanian.

VOLOHONSKY Anri Girshevich (r. 1936), the Russian writer. With 1973 in emigration in Israel, then in Germany. To verses (collections of "Poem", 1983, " Writing-book Igrejny ", 1984) and prose (the novel "Novel - pokojnichek", 1982) are peculiar irony, a block type and parodijnost. Books " the Skin bubna ", "Form" (both 1986), etc.

VOLOCHAEVKA, a depot ok. Khabarovsk (nowadays urban settlement Âîëî÷àåâêà-2; 2,1 thousand inhabitants in 1991). 5-12.2.1922, during the Civil war, about{near} Volochaevki the National - revolutionary army of Far East republic (the commanding V.K.Blucher) has broken through defensive items of a White Guard troops then has taken possession of Khabarovsk (on February, 14).

DRAGGING, stretching out of rolled or pressed metal preparations circular or a shaped section (primarily it is pebble, rolled wires, pipes) through an aperture portages for reduction of their lateral section or collimating by him{it} more down sizes and a smooth surface.

DUAL-CHAIN DRAWBENCH, the machine for machining metals by a dragging. Will consist from portages and the withdrawal-roll facility. Distinguish mills with a rectilinear movement of metal and with winding metal (drum).

VOLOCHISK, city (with 1970) on Ukraine, Khmelnitskiy region, on r. Zbruch. A depot. 25,1 thousand inhabitants (1991). A machine industry, alimentary, a light industry.

VOLOCHNAJA POMERA, measurement and repartition of grounds in the Great principality Lithuanian on " the Charter on portages " (1557). Has strengthened feudal operation.

VOLOSHIN (an ice-film. fam. Kirienko - Voloshin) Maksimilian Aleksandrovich (1877-1932), the Russian poet, the art critic. In poetry - filial feeling of a nature as the space whole, tragical experience of historical destinies of Russia: collections "Iverni" (1918), " Demons surdomute " (1919), books of verses " Neopalimaja Kupina ", a cycle filosoficheskih poems " Ways of Cain " (1921-23), a poem "Russia" (1924). It is known as the aquarellist.

VOLTA-REDONDA (Voltà Redonda), city in a southeast of Brazil. 180 thousand inhabitants (1980). Black and nonferrous machine industry, cement, a chemical industry.

MAGUSES, the title in Other. Russia ministers of pre-Christian cults, the sorcerers considered as magicians, sometimes - eastern wise men, astrologers.

VOLKHOV (up to 1940 Volhovstroj), city (with 1933) in the Russian Federation, the Leningrad region, landing stage on r. Volkhov. A railway junction (Volhovstroj I). 50,3 thousand inhabitants (1992.) river plants. Aluminium factory, chemical, a cement industry.

VOLKHOV, the river in northwest of the European part of the Russian Federation. 224 kms, the area of basin of 80,2 thousand êì2. Escapes from an eskar. Ilmen, runs in Ladoga an eskar. Average discharge of water 593 m3 / with. Navigation. On Volkhov - a river plant; cities - Novgorod, Kirishi, Volkhov, N.Ladoga.

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WAVES, the disturbances extending with terminal velocity in the space and carriers with self power without transmission of substance. Most often there are elastic waves, napr., acoustical, capillary waves and electromagnetic waves. Despite of a miscellaneous nature, all waves are subject to general regularities. If the disturbance is oriented along a direction of propagation, the wave calls longitudinal (napr., a sound wave in gas); if the disturbance lays in a plane, perpendicular to a direction of propagation, the wave calls cross (napr., an elastic wave extending along a catgut, an electromagnetic wave in a room). In the elementary event of a flat harmonic wave of change of oscillating value y in a point, otstojashchej apart x from a disturbing body, in time t descend under the law: where And - voltage of oscillation? - a wavelength, T - frequency period. More the composite waves it is possible to present by the way superpositions of harmonic waves.

WAVES MARTENO, a musical instrument (electrobackground) with the pad of piano type. Replicates only odnogolosnye melodies. It is constructed in 1920th. M.Marteno (Ì. Martenot, France). It utilised in a number{series} of compositions of the French composers.

VOLNJANKI, a set of butterflies. Side panels in scope{span} of 25-70 mm. Ok. 3000 kinds{views}, predominary in woods of tropics and subtropics; over 60 kinds{views}, primarily in woods from Baltic up to Priuralja, the Sowing. Caucasus, JUzh. Siberia and Primorski Krai. Many volnjanki harm to woods and gardens, napr., a gypsy moth, a nun moth.

VOLOBUYEV Vladimir Rodionovich (1909-87), the Russian and Azerbaijan pedologist, corresponding member AN the USSR (1968), academician AN of Azerbaijan (1958). Transactionses on ecology, gradings and diagnosis of soils. Has created the theory of washdown of soils. The state premium of the USSR (1967, 1980).

VOLOBUYEV Pavel Vasiljevich (r. 1923), the Russian historian, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1990). Transactionses on a history of October revolution and theoretical problems of a history.

VOLOGDIN Alexander Grigorjevich (1896-1971), the Russian geologist and a paleontologist, corresponding member AN the USSR (1939). The main{basic} transactionses on areal geology of the Asian part of the USSR, paleontology (arheotsiaty, stromatolity), stratigraphies.

VOLOGDIN Valentine Petrovich (1881-1953), the Russian scientist, one of pioneers of a high frequency art, corresponding member AN the USSR (1939). One of osnovatelej the Nizhniy Novgorod radiolaboratory. Has created high frequency engine generators with which help radio communication Moscow - New York (1925) for the first time is carried out; high-voltage mercury rectifiers. Under guiding Vologdina methods of high frequency soldering, quenching are developed, etc. The State premium of the USSR (1943, 1952).

The VOLOGDA RANGE, in northwest of the Russian Federation. 145,7 thousand êì2. The population of 1362 thousand person (1991), urban 65 %. 15 cities, 13 urban settlements (1992.) Center - Vologda. A surface - vsholmlennaja plain. Mean temperatures of January - 14 °S, July 18 °S. A rainfall ok. 500 mm annually. The rivers - Sukhona, the South, Mologa, Sheksna. Woods take ok. 2/3 terrains. In the Vologda region - part Darvinskogo of reservation. An industry: iron and steel industry, a machine industry, wood, wood-working, pulp and paper, chemical, mild, alimentary (maslosyrodelatelnaja, meat, dairy - canning); manufacture of a building materials. Art crafts (a canework of laces, blackening on silver). Milk cattle breeding, a flax production. Crops grain, feed crops. Cultivate a potato, vegetables. A poultry breeding. Navigation on the Volga-Baltic waterway, Severodvinsk water system.

The VOLOGDA LACE, kind{view} of Russian lace, pletennogo on lace bobbins (wooden bacilluses); it is distributed in the Vologda region. The craft exists{breathes} with 1-st chetv. 19 century. The pattern by the way the continuous continuous{smooth} line derivated vypletennoj by a braid{tape}, acts on a background of thin ajour "lattice". In 1968 association "Snowflake" (the measurement laces, coverlets, napkins) is based.

VOLODARSK (up to 1956 settlements. Volodary), city in the Russian Federation, the Nizhniy Novgorod region. A depot (Parliament). 10,7 thousand inhabitants (1992). A food-processing industry.

VOLODAR ROSTISLAVICH (? - 1124), prince peremyshlsky. Achieved independence of ground Galitskoj of Kiev. Using the union with half-sheeps and Byzantium, together with the brother the Centaurea successfully struggled with the Hungarian and Polish feudal lords. Wared with knjazjami Svjatopolkom Izjaslavichem and David Igorevichem. It was affirmed together with the Centaurea in Terebovle.

VOLODIN (an ice-film. fam. Lifshits) Alexander Moiseevich (r. 1919), the Russian playwright. Scenes from daily life in plays " the Factory little girl " (production 1956), " Five evenings " (1959), " the Higher sister " (1961), "Lizard" (1982), "Blonde" (1984) and other bare social, moral, psychologic conflicts of the modern society. Scripts of films " Call, discover a door " (1965), " the Autumnal marathon " (1979), etc.

VOLODIN (an ice-film. fam. Ivanov) Vladimir Sergeevich (1891-1958), the Russian actor of an operetta, the national actor of Russia (1947). In 1929-58 in Moskovsk a theatre of light opera. Acted in film. The state premium of the USSR (1951).

VOLOZHIN, city (with 1940) in Belarus, the Minsk region, in 17 kms from zh.-d. An item. Volozhin. 11,1 thousand inhabitants (1991). Maslosyrodelatelnyj factory.

PORTAGE... 1) a water-partite plot between verhovjami two rivers close concurrent in the headstreams on which in olden time dragged court at transition from one river in basin other.... 2) the Isthmus or a plot dry between two basins: the rivers - starving, the rivers - lakes. The portage had villages and cities (napr., Volokolamsk, Vyshny Volochek).

PORTAGE, the working instrument of a dual-chain drawbench; through an aperture in a portage (the drawing eye) treated{processed} metal is extended.

FIBERS{FILAMENTS} NATURAL (fibers{filaments} natural), textile fibers{filaments} vegetative (napr., a cotton, a flux, hemp), animal (a wool, natural silk) and mineral (asbestos) of an origin, fit yarns for manufacturing.

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VOLKONSKY Mihail Nikolaevich (1860-1917), prince, the Russian writer, the playwright. Parody opera " Vampuka, princess African " (1900; see an item " Vampuka... "). Historical novels and stories (" Maltese a circuit ", 1891; " Will of destiny ", 1893; " the Ring of the empress ", 1896, etc.); stories, feuilletons, plays.

VOLKONSKY Peter Mihajlovich (1776-1852), the Russian general - field marshal (1850), svetlejshy prince (1834), the honorary member Petersburg AN (1813). The participant of Domestic war 1812. With 1826 minister for an imperial yard and destinies.

VOLKONSKY Sergey Grigorjevich (1788-1865), the decembrist, prince, the general - major. The participant of Domestic war of 1812 and oversea marchings. The member of " Soyuz of prosperity " and the Austral society, one of directors Kamenskoj of justice. It is convicted on 20 flying of penal servitude. With 1826 in Nerchinskih mines, in 1835-56 on a settlement in Irkutsk lips. In 1861 abroad it was pulled together to A.I.Gertsenom and N.P.Ogarevym.

VOLKONSKY Sergey Mihajlovich (1860-1937), prince, the Russian writer, the art critic, the theatrical figure. Grandson S.G.Volkonsky and M.N.Volkonskoj. Activities on problems of a general aesthetics; articles about theatre. Books " my memories " (t. 1-2, 1923-24), " About decembrists. On family memories " (1921). With kon. 1921 in emigration in Paris.

VOLLASTON (Vullaston) (Wollaston) William Hyde (1766-1828), the English scientist. Has discovered (1801) irrespective of I.Rittera a ultraviolet radiation, has constructed the refractometer (1802) and a goniometer (1809). Has discovered a palladium (1803) and rhodium (1804), for the first time has received (1803) in the pure state platinum.

WOLLASTONITE (table spar), mineral of subclass of chain silikates, Ca3 [Si3O9]. White, radiative and shelly units. Hardness 5-5,5; firmness of 2,9-3,0 g / sm3. By origin kontaktovo-metamorphic. Raw material for the thin ceramics; zvuko-and a heat insulator.

CORRUGATED PARROT, bird of order of parrots. Length ok. 20 sm (about half - a tail). In Center. Australia. It is well multiplied in a captivity. A plumage predominary green. White, yellow, light-blue, violet and other corrugated parrots are introduced.

VOLNOVAHA, city (with 1938) on Ukraine, Donetsk region. A railway junction. 26,4 thousand inhabitants (1989). The enterprises alimentary, a building materials of an industry, etc.

WAVE OPTICS, section physical the opticians, investigator set{combination} of such phenomena, as a diffraction of light, interference of light waves, polarization of light in which the undular nature of light shows.

UNDULAR DRIVE, mechanic drive (gear, friction, screw{propeller}); will consist of rigid and nonrigid elements (one of which is made fast) and t. n. The generator of waves. Due to a special kinematics of interaction between them undular drive ensures the considerable transmitting{gear} attitudes{relations} (> 100).

The WAVE FUNCTION (state vector), in a quantum mechanics a fundamental quantity circumscribing a system condition both permitting to find probabilities and average values of physical quantities defining her{it}. The square of a module of wave function is peer to probability of the given condition, therefore wave function call also as a probability amplitude.

The WAVEGUIDE, the channel, having a sharp cut-off along which are distributed electromagnetic (radio waveguide) or acoustical (acoustic waveguide) of a wave. A radio waveguide the metal tubing, the dielectric rod, etc. can minister; the acoustic waveguide - an acoustic tube on courts, layers of air in an atmosphere and waters in the ocean, distinguished on temperature (terrestrial waveguide).

SURGE RESISTANCE... 1) in soundman: in gas and a liquid - attitude{relation} of a noise load in a running flat sound wave to vibratory speed of particles of medium, it is equal to product{creation} of firmness of medium on a speed of sound in her; in solids for longitudinal waves surge resistance - attitude{relation} of the mechanic pressure{voltage;stress} taken with the sign reversed, to vibratory speed of particles of medium.... 2) In hydromechanics - a part gidro-and an aerodynamic drag, defining energy consumption on wave development, napr., the waves which are generatrix on a water plane at motion of the ship{spacecraft}, the shockwaves originating at ultrasonic flight of an airplane, and t. d.... 3) In an electrodynamics surge resistance of transmission lines - attitude{relation} of pressure{voltage;stress} to current intensity in any point of a line on which electromagnetic waves are distributed; surge resistance of medium - attitude{relation} of voltages of electrical and magnetic fields of the electromagnetic waves extending in medium.

WAVE EQUATION, differential equation with partial derivatives of 2-nd order, circumscribing a spreading mud process of disturbances in some medium. Napr., small oscillations of the stretched catgut are described by wave equation where u (h, t) - required function - deviation{rejection} of a catgut from static baycenter in a point with coordinate h in the moment t, a - rate of propagation of a disturbance along a catgut.

WAVE NUMBER, module of a wave vector; it is connected to a circular frequency w, a phase velocity of a wave vô and its{her} length a ratio: k=2?/?? w/vô. In optician and spectroscopies often call as a wave number value, revertive to a wavelength: k=1/?.

WAVE VECTOR, vector k which direction coincides a direction of propagation of a traveling wave. In isotropic mediums lengthways k the group velocity and energy flow of a wave are directed. In a quantum mechanics the condition of a unbound particle also is defined by a defined value of a wave vector, the bound with a pulse particles r a ratio de Brojlja: ð=hk.

"WAVE DUCT" (a director antenna, the Hook - the Yagi the antenna), the antenna by the way of some parallel linear electrical vibrators in length, close to 0,5 wavelengths located in plane along a line, conterminous to a direction of maximum radiance (method). The main{basic} application - method of television programs.

The WAVE PACKET, occupying restricted volume and a undular field transposed{dragged;moved} by the space. The wave packet can be decomposed for the sum of simple harmonic waves which frequencies lay in a fixed interval; the already a wave packet, the more this interval. At distribution{propagation} to medium owing to a wave dispersion the wave packet deliquesces. In a quantum mechanics the field of probability assigned to wave function is considered, and the wave packet is wave function driving particles which possible{probable} localization in each instant is limited to some small range of coordinates. Center of a wave packet goes with mechanic speed particles. The quantum mechanical wave packet in due course deliquesces even in vacuo.

WAVE ABSORBER, hydrotechnical construction for protection against waves of a dock space. Distinguish wave absorbers protective (surrounded with the water space) and beregozashchitnye (located directly inshore).

VOLNUHIN Sergey Mihajlovich (1859-1921), the Russian sculptor. Was close to peredvizhnikam. A monument to the first printer to Ivan Fedorovu in Moscow (1909), iconic busts.

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VOLIN (Wolin), city in Poland, on a like island in a mouth r. Odra. Has arisen in kon. 8 century, in 10-12 centuries - the trading - craft centre and a port, urban republic. Residues of strengthening, derevoljutsionnyh constructions and bridge.

The WOLF (the grey wolf), predatory mammalian sets wolf. Length of a body 105-160 see, a tail - up to 50 see. Colour of a wool is more often grey. Has been eurysynusic in a temperate zone of Boreal hemisphere, but in many places has vanished. Dwells{lives} in steppes it (is most numerous), tundra, woods, mountains. The strong, tireless and clever predator. Eats ungulate, rodents, hares, in summertime willingly eats birds and different fruits. Are kept one by one, pairs{vapours;couples} (will be derivated on all life) or family groups; are sometimes integrated in flights till 10-12 individuals. In a dung routinely 4-6 volchat. Hybrids with dogs - volkosobaki - cause essential damage to the hunting fauna. In the Red Data Book of the International union of nature protection and natural resources.

VOLKENSHTEJN Lyudmila Aleksandrovna (1857-1906), revolutionary narodnitsa. The participant of attempt at Kharkov governor D.N.Kropotkina. In 1884 it is sentenced to 15 years of penal servitude. The participant of Revolution 1905-07. Has perished in Vladivostok at shooting demonstrating.

WOLFS, a stem of carnivora of a set wolf. 7 kinds{views}: the wolf, a jackal, a coyote, the yellow wolf, a domestic dog, etc. In Eurasia, Africa, Center. To America, Greenland; in terrain of Russia 2 kinds{views} - the wolf and a jackal. 3 kinds{views} and 1 subspecies in the Red Data Book of the International union of nature protection and natural resources. Do-it-yourself stems (in each on 1 kind{view}) - red wolfs and guatas.

WOLFS Alexander Aleksandrovich (r. 1948), the Russian astronaut, a pilot - astronaut of the USSR (1985), the colonel, the Hero of Soviet Union (1985). Flights on "Soyuz T-14" and orbital station " Salute - 7 " (September - November 1985), on " Soyuz TM-7 " and an orbital complex "World" (November 1988 - April 1989), on " Soyuz TM-13 " and an orbital complex "World" (October 1991 - March 1992).

WOLFS Alexander Aleksandrovich (1905-65), the Russian designer of air automatic weapons. Together with S.A.Jartsevym has created in 1940 air pappus of templet of 23 mm with firing rate of 600 outrigger booms one the minute called "VJA" (an abbreviation from Wolfs and JArtsev). The state premium of the USSR (1942).

WOLFS Alexander Melentjevich (1891-1977), the Russian writer. On education mathematician. It is most known as the writer of a cycle of fantastic stories for children: " the Wizard of Emerald city " (1939, in the basis{fundamentals} - the book of American nursery writer F.Bauma " the Wise man from country the Eskar "), " Urfin Dzhjus and his{its} wooden soldiers " (1963), " Seven underground kings " (1964), " Igneous god Marranov " (1968), etc. Stories (" Two brothers ", 1950; " Adventures of two friends in country past ", 1963; " TSargradskaja the captive ", 1969) and novels ("Architects", 1954; "Wanderings", 1963, about Dzh. Bruno) on historical scenes. Books of popular scientific stories (" the Earth and the root ", 1957, etc.).

WOLFS Alexander Nikitovich (r. 1929), the Russian state and military figure, marshal of aircraft (1989). With 1948 in the Soviet Army, on command positions in air force. With 1979 commanding the Military-transport aviation, with 1986 deputy of the commander-in-chief of air force. In 1987-90 minister for the Civil aviation of the USSR.

WOLFS Alexander Nikolaevich (1886-1957), the Russian and Uzbek painter, the national artist of Uzbekistan (1946). Saturated colour decorative - inking cloths (" Granatovaja chajhana ", 1924), national characters ("Collective farmer", 1933).

WOLFS Boris Ivanovich (1900-70), the Russian theatrical artist, the national artist of the USSR (1965). Combined picturesque and volumetric decorations, introduced{uptook} lyrical landscapes (opera " Family Tarasa " Kabalevskogo at the Musical theatre him{it}. Stanislavsky and Nemirovich - Danchenko, 1951). The state premium of the USSR (1949, 1951, 1952).

WOLFS Valentine Viktorovich (1881-1964), the Byelorussian painter, the national artist of Belarus (1955). Theme compositions ("Vuzovtsy", 1947; " Minsk on July, 3-rd 1944 ", 1946-55).

WOLFS Vladislav Nikolaevich (1935-71), the Russian astronaut, a pilot - astronaut of the USSR (1969), doubly the Hero of Soviet Union (1969, 1971 - posthumously). Flights on "Soyuz - 7" (October 1969), "Soyuz - 11" and orbital station " Salute " (June 1971). Has perished at return to the Earth.

WOLFS Lion Ivanovich (r. 1930), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991). Transactionses on complex{integrated} mathematical modelling and an assessment{evaluation} of nonlinear dynamic systems of flying space and rocket-propelled apparatuses.

WOLFS Oleg Vasiljevich (1900-1996), the Russian writer. " Dipping in darkness " (1987; the State premium of the Russian Federation, 1991) - a documentary narration about tragical destinies of people - victims of Stalin reprisals. A theme of natural protection in stories, stories, publicism. The book " Each stone in her lives. From a history of the Moscow streets " (1985). Transfers{translations}.

WOLFS Feodor Grigorjevich (1729-63), the actor and the theatrical figure. In 1750 has organized in Yaroslavl amateur troupe (actors I.A.Dmitrevsky, J.D.Shumsky) on the basis of which in 1756 in Saint Petersburg the first permanent professional Russian public theatre has been built. Played A.P.Sumarokov tragedies.

VOLKOVYSK, city in Belarus, Grodno region, on r. It was grown. A railway junction. 42 thousand inhabitants (1991). Factory of the foundry equipment, etc.; a software of a building materials; a food-processing industry. A military - historical museum him{it}. P.I.Bagration. It is known from 13 century.

VOLKOGONOV Dmitry Antonovich (1928-1995), the Russian historian, the doctor of historical and philosophical sciences, the professor, the general - colonel (1986). With 1984 deputy chief of Main political steering the Soviet Army and a VTR. In 1988-91 chief of Institute of a military history of the Ministry of Defence of the USSR. With 1991 chairman of some commissions of government of the Russian Federation and the President of the Russian Federation. Transactionses on a history, philosophy, problems of policy.

VOLKONSKAJA Zinaida Aleksandrovna (1789-1862), princess, the Russian writer. Interior{cabin} Volkonskoj in Moscow in 1826-27 was visited by A.S.Pushkin. In 1829 has leaved for Italy. Verses, poems, stories in Russian, French, italian tongues.

VOLKONSKAJA Maria Nikolaevna (1805-63), princess, the daughter of general N.N.Raevskogo, the wife of decembrist S.G.Volkonsky, the friend A.S.Pushkin which devoted to her verses. In 1827 has followed the husband in Transbaikalia. The writer of "Notes".

VOLKONSKY Andrey Mihajlovich (r. 1933), the Russian composer. Acted as klavesinist both the organist. The organizer and the artistic administrator of band of arcaded music "Madrigal" (1964-73, Moscow). Chamber cantatas " the Suite of mirrors " (1960), " Petitions SHCHazy " (1964), compositions for a chamber orchestra, tool{instrument} band, a piano.

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VOLGIN Vyacheslav Petrovich (1879-1962), the Russian historian, academician AN the USSR (1930). Transactionses on a history of socialist and communist ideas domarksova the season{term}. The lenin premium (1961).

VOLGO, the lake largest in system Verhnevolzhskih of lakes on Valdai vozv. 61 êì2.

VOLGA-BALTIC WATERWAY (. Mariinsky water system), in the Russian Federation. Bridges Volga to Baltic m., and through the Belomorsko-Baltic channel with White m. Passes through Rybinsk vdhr. Up to Cherepovets, r. Sheksna, Belozersky the channel, r. Kovzha, the Mariinsky channel, r. Vytegra, the Onega channel, r. Svir, Ladoga an eskar. And r. Neva. Mariinsky water system sooruzhena in nach. 19 century; with 1964, after native born renovation, - the Volga-Baltic waterway. Length ok. 1100 kms, depth not less than 4 m. Court up to 5000 t.

VOLGOGRAD (up to 1925 Tsaritsyn, up to 1961 Stalingrad), the city - hero in the Russian Federation, the centre of the Volgograd region. A port on Volga. Initial point of the Volga-Don shipping canal. A railway junction. 1005 thousand inhabitants (1992). A machine industry (a software: " the Volgograd tractor plant ", "Barricades", etc.) and metal working, black (factory " Red October ", etc.) and nonferrous machine industry, chemical and petrochemical, wood-working, a building materials, mild, a food-processing industry. Bliz Volgograd - the Volga (Volgograd) river plant. 7 high schools (including 3 universities), 5 theatres. Museums (monument - band to " Heroes Stalingradskoj of battle " on Mamayev a tumulus, the Museum of the defence, study of local lore, fine arts, etc.). It is based in 1589, with 1615 on the modern place. Within Great Domestic war almost it completely eroded, recovered{restored} under the general plan (1945).

The VOLGOGRAD RANGE, in the Russian Federation, 113,9 thousand êì2. The population of 2643 thousand person (1992), urban 76 %. 19 cities, 32 urban settlements (1989.) Center - Volgograd. The river Volga divides range on a raised Right bank (an altitude up to 358 ì) and low Zavolzhje. Mean temperatures of January from-8 up to-12 °S, July 23 °S. A rainfall ok. 350 mm annually. The main rivers - Volga and Don. Production of gas and petroleum; oil refining, chemical and a petrochemical industry, a machine industry (tractors, court, bearings, the industrial equipment, etc.), black and nonferrous machine industry; a building materials, wood-working, mild, a food-processing industry. The Volga (Volgograd) river plant. Crops of wheat and other grain, sunflower, mustard. A melon production (watermelons), a vegetable raising. A fruit growing. An irrigation farming. Meat-and-milk cattle breeding, a sheep raising. Navigation across Volga, Don, the Volga-Don channel.

The VOLGOGRAD THEATRE him{it}. M.Gorkogo, drama, is based in 1918.

The VOLGOGRAD UNIVERSITY, is based in 1980. Plots experts on physical and mathematical sciences, philologies, histories. In 1991 over 3 thousand students.

The VOLGOGRAD WATER RESERVOIR, on r. Volga. It is derivated by a dam of the Volga (Volgograd) river plant. It is filled in in 1958-1961. The area 3117 êì2, volume 31,5 êì3, length of 540 kms, an extreme breadth of 17 kms. Navigation. It is used for water supply and an irrigation. Fishery. Ports: Saratov, Kamyshin.

VOLGODONSK, city (with 1956) in the Russian Federation, the Rostov region, a port on TSimljanskom vdhr. A depot. 182 thousand inhabitants (1992.) softwares of a nuclear power machine industry "Atommash"; chemical, a food-processing industry. A study of local lore museum.

The VOLGO-URAL OIL-AND-GAS-BEARING PROVINCE, on the orient is limited to Ural, in the south - Prikaspijskoj a hollow, in a north - Timanskim a block, in the west - Sysolskim, Kotelnicheskim, Tokmovskim vaults and the Voronezh mass. A gross area of 700 thousand êì2. It is open{discovered} over 900 petroleum and 50 gas fields. Industrial deposits are dated for adjournments of Devonian, Carbon and permi. Major deposits: Romashkinskoe, Orenburg, Tujmazinskoe, SHkapovskoe, Arlanskoe, etc.

VOLZHANSKIE (an ice-film. fam. Volzhankiny), family of circus performers, tightrope dancers. The chief of number - Vladimir Aleksandrovich (1917-83), the national actor of the USSR (1979). Has developed the instrumentation changing a discharge angle of chain cables, has given the composite ekvilibristicheskomu to amusement romantic character. Partners - members of family Volzhanskih. The state premium of the USSR (1978).

VOLZHSK (up to 1940 settlements. Lopatino), city in the Russian Federation, Republic of Maries El, landing stage on Kujbyshevskom vdhr. A depot. 62,5 thousand inhabitants (1992). A machine industry and metal working; pulp and paper and a woodworking industry.

The VOLGA MILITARY FLOTILLA, in June 1918 - July 1919 participat in breakages with White Guards on Volga and Kama, then part of the Volzhsko-Caspian military flotilla. During Great Domestic war existed{breathed} in October 1941 - June 1944, participat in Stalingradskoj to battle.

The VOLGA COSSACKS, originally from sketchy peasants on N.Volge in 16 century. In 1733-77 existed{breathed} Volgskoe the Cossack army with the centre in Dubovke (ok. Tsaritsyn); the part of the Volga cossacks has been moved on the Sowing. Caucasus (in Terskoe the Cossack army), the part is adjoined in nach. 19 century to the Astrakhan army.

VOLGA, city (with 1954) in the Russian Federation, the Volgograd region, a port on Volga, for the beginning of Akhtuba. A depot. 281 thousand inhabitants (1992). Has arisen in 1951 in connection with construction of the Volga (Volgograd) river plant. Oil refining, petrochemical, chemical, machine-building, etc. an industry. A museum of a history of city.

VOLZHSKO-KAMSKY RESERVATION, in Tatarii. It is based in 1960. The area 8040 ga. 2 plots: Raifsky - to northwest from Kazan - 200-years woods, characteristic for a mean strip of the European part of the Russian Federation, and Saralovsky - on coast Kujbyshevskogo vdhr. - piny and mixed forests. The moose, the fox, a marten, a raccoon dog; a lag bolt, a hazel grouse, a grey crane.

The VOLZHSKO-CASPIAN MILITARY FLOTILLA, existed{breathed} in July 1919 - July 1920. It is built by interflow of the Volga and Astrahano-Caspian military flotillas. Participat in the defence of Astrakhan, discharging of Transcaucasia and the Caspian m. from White Guards and interventionists.

The VOLZHSKO-FINNISH TONGUES (the Volga Finno-Ugric tongues), the conditional classification title Mordovian and mari the tongues relating Finno-Ugric family.

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AGE STRUCTURE of the POPULATION, ratio of number of miscellaneous age groups of the population. Depends on levels of birth rate and mortality, lifetime of people. In 1990 population in the age of up to 15 flying compounded{made} (in the world) 32 %, 15-64 flying - 62 %, 65 flying and is more higher - than 6 %.

"REVITALIZATION", 1) Russian periodical, the London: the weekly newspaper (1926-35), a weekly journal (1936-40). Editor P.B.Struve, the master literary critic - V.F.Khodasevich (with 1927). 2) Russian literary - political magazine, " an organ of Russian national idea ", 1949-74, Paris. Among editors - I.I.Thorzhevsky, S.P.Melgunov, S.S.Obolensky.

REVITALIZATION (Renaissance), the season{term} in cultural and ideological development of countries Zap. And Cent. Europe (in Italy 14-16 centuries, in other countries kon. 15-16 centuries), transient{berthing} from medieval crop to crop of new time. Distinctive features of crop of Revitalization: society, anticlerical character, humanistic world outlook (see. Humanism), the circulation to a cultural heritage of antiquity, as though his{its} "revitalization" (from here the title). Revitalization has arisen and was most brightly exhibited in Italy, where already on a boundary of 13-14 centuries (see. Protorenessans) it{him} provozvestnikami poet Dante, artist Dzhotto have acted, etc. Creativity of revivalists proniknuto belief in boundless capabilities of the person, his{its} will and reason, denial of scholasticism and asceticism (humanistic ethics of Italians Lorentso Vally, Piko della Mirandoly, etc.) . The fervor of the statement{confirmation} of an ideal of the harmonic, liberated creative person, beauty and harmony of a real, the circulation to the person as to the divine principle of life, sensation of integrity and orderly regularity of universe give art of Revitalization major ideological significance, a majestic heroic scale. In the architecture the leading part society structures - become to play public buildings, palaces, urban houses. Using order partitioning of a wall, arch passageways, collonnades, vaults, domes, architects (Brunelleski, Alberti, Bramante, Palladio in Italy, Lescaut, Delorm in France) have given the block constructions majestic clearness, a harmonicity and a proportionality to the person. Artists (Donatello, Mazachcho, the Pierrot della Francheska, Mantenja, Leonardo yes Vinci, Rafael, Mikelandzhelo, Titsian, Veronese, Tintoretto in Italy; JAn van Ejk, Rogir van der Vejden, Brejgel in Netherlands; Djurer, Nithardt, Holbejn in Germany; Fuke, the Screw rivet, Klue in France) in succession took possession of art reflectance of all oof of a real - drive of volume, the space, light, the plotting of a human figure (century t. Hours exposed) and substantial medium - an interior, a landscape. The literature of Revitalization has created such monuments of lasting value, as " Gargantjua and Pantagrjuel " (1533-52) Rabelaises, Shakespeare dramas, the novel " Don Kihot " (1605-15) Servantesa, etc., organo united interest to antiquity with the circulation to national crop, fervor of comic life with tragic element. Petrarca sonnets, short stories Bokkachcho, heroic poem Ariosto, a philosophical block type (tract Erazma Rotterdamskogo " the Praise of Nonsense ", 1511), Montaigne essay in miscellaneous genres, personal forms and national versions have embodied ideas of Revitalization. In the music inpouring{insinuating} humanistic attitude, vocal and tool{instrument} polyphony develops, there are new genres society vocal (frottola and villanella in Italy, viljansiko in Spain, a ballad in England, a madrigal) and tool{instrument} music; epoch is finished by occurrence{appearance} of such musical genres, as a solo song, a cantata, an oratorio and the opera, contributing the statement{confirmation} of a homophony. In Renaissance philosophical ideas neoplatonizma (Fichino) and panteizma (Patritsi, were distributed by Bruno, etc.), given away discoveries in range of geography (Great geographycal discoverings), astronomies (development of heliocentric world system by Kopernik), anatomy (Vezaly) have been made.

SOLDIERS Konstantin Naumovich (r. 1918), the Russian film director, the national actor of the USSR (1989). Productions of films: " to Troy have quitted from a wood " (1958), "is young - is green" (1962), " Marriage Balzaminova " (1965), " Djadjushkin dream " (1967), "Rudin" (1977), a documentary " the Holiday of sport and the world " (1985).

The COMPULSORY SERVICE, the statutory responsibility of the population (it is routine about 18 flying) to bear a military service in armed forces of the country. For the first time compulsory service is entered in 1798 in France (konskriptsija).

MILITARY UNIT, organizational do-it-yourself battle and an administrative unit in all kinds{views} of armed forces (shelves, the ship{spacecraft} of 1-st, 2-nd and 3-rd rank, a separate batallion, a division, a squadron, a company). Military unit are appropriated the true name (napr., 3-rd tank shelves) and a code name (napr., an army part 55555).

MILITARY HONOURS, development of respect (respect) on the part of servicemen or military units. Military honours can be returned at meeting and wires of representatives of foreign states. For rendering military honour the guard of honour and an orchestra are nominated.

MILITARY HONORARY NAMES, one of kinds{views} of awards of military connections, parts, the ships{spacecrafts}, establishments, military schools. To military honorary names concern: names in commemoration of historical events, in honour of state and public organizations, state, military figures, under titles of cities, the rivers, etc. where data of connection, parts were distinguished in breakages.

MILITARY PRESENCE, at Russia at 1874-1917 provincial (regional), district (circumferential) and urban establishments, vedavshie affairs of compulsory service.

The MILITARY CHIEF, in Russia about 1874 face heading an organ of aboriginal military steering in province (up to 1881) and district (up to 1918); knew an aboriginal troops, military - mobilization and registration - draft activity.

VOIN, old russian city of 10-13 centuries on Dnepr. Residues detintsa with wooden walls, the bank and a pit, housing economic constructions (site Voini is overflowed with waters Kremenchug vdhr.).

FELTED CLOTH (turki)., a textile, receive a felting woollen (less often mineral and chemical) filaments, and also from a mineral wool (on a bituminous sheaf). Use primarily as flimsy, it is warm also a sound-insulating material.

The WAR, the organized armed extirpation between the states, the nations (peoples), social groups. In war armed forces as a main and decisive means, and also economic, political, ideological and other means of strife are used. War between social groups inside country for the government calls as a civil war. For last in 5,5 thousand flying was ok. 14,5 thousand major and small wars (including two world) during which has perished, has died of epidemies and famine over 3,6 billion person. In the modern conditions in connection with the terminal of " cool war " danger of world nuclear war has decreased. However are prolonged t. n. Local wars - military conflicts, the bound with religious, territorial and national spores, breeding roznju, etc. The International community, the United Nations aspire to building a system of relations between the states, eliminating a threat of force and its{her} application.

WAR IN VIETNAM the Widespread title of the second indokitajskoj wars (1965-75) including Democratic Republic Vietnam (DRV) and the United States of America. First indokitajskaja war (1945-54) has concluded a defeat of France, a time division of Vietnam under Geneva agreements 1954 on Indochina on two parts in which terrain independent states with a different political formation - Democratic Republic Vietnam with capital in Hanoi in a north afterwards have been professed and Republic Vietnam with capital in Saigon - on juge.------the Beginning of war------the Prologue of war become events in gulf of Tongking bliz coasts of Vietnam in August 1964 when, under the statement{confirmation} of official Washington, motor torpedo-boats DRV attacked the ships{spacecrafts} of a VTR the USA, and a congress the USA has adopted a resolution, giving to the president of L. The right to use the American armed forces in Southeast Azii.------In March 1965 administration of a Johnson has directed a Johnson military quota on terrain of Austral Vietnam for his{its} protection against measures received by Boreal Vietnam on association of Vietnam by force of arms. In bridge 1965 USA have begun massive bombings terrain DRV with February to force communist leaders to refuse in Hanoi support of forces, consolidated in December 1960 in National front of discharging of Austral Vietnam (NFOJUV), acting against a pro-Western mode in Saigon. Afterwards act of war have covered terrain not only naturally Vietnam, but also adjacent from nymas of Laos and Cambodia (from here and its{her} second title).------From party DRV act of war have taken the form of large-scale guerilla operations in terrain of Austral Vietnam with the participation active armed forces DRV against armed forces of Austral Vietnam and his{its} ally the USA. Besides massive bombings Boreal Vietnam the USA lent support to Saigon in realization of military operations against the guerrilla, granted economic pomoshch.------the Parisian peace talks------To the beginning 1968 war has reached the deadlock: any of the parties did not manage to decide tasks in view. In May 1968 in Paris, originally only between the USA and DRV, and then, peace talks have begun from January 1969, including representatives sajgonskogo a mode and NFOJUV. However act of war in terrain of Vietnam kept and during the Parisian peace talks on Vjetnamu.------After more than four flying of negotiations, on January, 27 1973 administration the USA headed by R.Nixon, loosened internal political crisis (" Uotergejtskoe business "), has gone on a signing of an agreement with DRV about conditions of a breeding of the troops from Vietnam. In February - March 1973 in Paris the international conference across Indochina, consolidated the Parisian nonpredatory agreements on the arrest of war and maintenance of the world in Vietnam, the signed USA and by Republic (Austral) Vietnam, on the one hand, both DRV and NFOJUV, with other was comprised. The unsuccessful and long-lived act of war accompanied with major loss, have generated in the American society t. n. " The Vietnamese set of symptoms ", i.e. sharp neprijatie sharing{participations} of the American soldiers in foreign military conflicts, what purposes this sharing{participation} not obosnovyvalos.------War in Vietnam would keep, however, during two flying, already between Boreal Vietnam in the union with NFOJUV and sajgonskim a mode headed by general Nguen Van Thieu. She was finished in April 1975 years as a result of vernal approach of armed forces DRV both battle parts NFOJUV and fall of capital of the South - Saigon. The authority in terrain of Austral Vietnam has passed to temporary revolutionary government of Republic Austral Vietnam.------the Role of the USSR------During all ten flying of the conflict of the USSR rendered DRV the diversiform help, aspiring to intensifying the influence in Indochina and to slackening the USA, the main rival in " cool war ". If up to the introduction the USA in war the Soviet support DRV limited basically economic complementation since the spring 1965 in the aggregate volume of an eaid has become to build up specific weight of military deliveries to Hanoi. Already to 1968 USSR has taken a leading rule{situation;position} among the countries supporting DRV, having pushed aside the Chinese National Republic on the second place. Simultaneously the USSR made efforts for the resolution of conflict in Vietnam a diplomatic way, being afraid of possible{probable} global crisis and being is interested (in conditions of an exacerbation of dissents with the Chinese communists) in "discharge" international naprjazhennosti.------Ëèòåðàòóðà:------Cats of L. Â., Egors R.S.Boevaja solidarity, the brotherly help. Ì., 1970.------Mhitarjan Ñ., Mhitarjan T.Vjetnamskaja revolution: Problems of the theory and practice. Ì., 1986.------Cooper Ch. The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam. New York, 1970.------Kolko G. Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience. New York, 1985.------Smith R. B. An International History of the Vietnam War. London, 1985.------Kahin G. M. Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam. New York, 1986.------Pike D. Vietnam and the Soviet Union: Anatomy of an Alliance. Boulder, 1987.------Gibbons W. C. The U. S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships. Washington, 1988. P. 3.------I.V.Gajduk

WAR of AUSTRAL AND BOREAL DYNASTIES (1336-1392) in Japan. In 1333 segunat Minamoto was will overthrow, and on a short time the imperial authority was placed{installed}. Emperor Godajgo aspired{tried} to steer privately-owned, but not a smog to liquidate contraventions between aristocrats and soldiers, derogating from of interests last. One of the largest feudal lords Ashikaga Takaudzi two years later has raised rebelion which has reduced in education of the second segunata - Ashikaga (or Muromati, under the title of quarter in Kyoto where the military government placed). With a passage of power in arms{hand} Ashikaga the internecine wars proceeding almost up to the extremity of century have begun. Emperor Godajgo ran in mountains, having based in place Esino the Austral yard, and Ashikaga has landed{put} in Kyoto on a throne of emperor to the Coma which has headed Boreal yard. Dvoetsarstvie it was prolonged up to 1392 when both dynasties were aggregated, and capital has again become Kyoto.

VOJNAROVSKY Andrey (? - ok. 1740), the Ukrainian cossack foreman, nephew Mazepa, the participant of his{its} plot. Ran to Germany. In 1718 it is given to the Russian government and it is banished to Yakutsk.

VOJNICH (Voynich) Etel Lilian (1864-1960), the English writer. Daughter Dzh. Boulle. In 1887-89 vein in Russia, has been connected to Polish and Russian revolutionary movement. With 1920 in the USA. In the novel "Gadfly" (1897), " the Gadfly in expulsion{relegation} " (1910; other transfers{translations} - " Interrupted friendship ") the heroic mode{image} of the italian revolutionary is built. Roman " Remove{Take off} thy shoe " (1945) - about ancestors of the protagonist of the previous novels. Transferred{translated} products{creations} of the Russian literature. A theme of its{her} musical oratorio "Babylon" (1948) - an overthrow of the autocracy in Russia.

VOINOVICH Vladimir Nikolaevich (r. 1932), the Russian writer. In 1980-92 in emigration in Germany. In the novel " Life and unusual adventures of the soldier of Ivan Chonkina " (1969-75) and his{its} prolongation " the Claimant for a holy table " (1979) - satirical derision of a totalitarianism; a mode{an image} "ivanushki-durachka" - the carrier of national morals and common sense. Documentary - satirical story "Ivankiada" (1976; all three products{creations} in Russia up to 1988 were not typed) - on a "room" theme, uncovers the mechanism of bureaucracy. Satirical story - anti-Utopia " Moscow 2042 " (1987). The play " the Cat domestic mean pushistosti " (1990, together with G.I.Gorinym). Verses (including " the Song of astronauts "), the story (" Two comrades ", 1967), publicism.

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VOJNORALSKY Porphyrias Ivanovich (1844-98), the revolutionary populist. One of organizers " boatings in people ". In 1878 it is sentenced to 10 years of penal servitude.

VOJSI (Voysey) CHarlz Frensis Eksli (1857-1941), the English architect. Designed small country houses for middle class. Developed a theme of a traditional English cottage (unified rectangular volume with a deckhouse and a high gable roof). In furnish of the building and registration of interiors a major role retracted to different kinds{views} of an ornamental art.

TROOPS of air defence, intended for reflectance of impacts of the opponent from air. Will consist of service arms: a zenith rocket-propelled troops, an air defense aviation and a radio troops, and also a special troops of different destination.

ARMY CIRCLE, combined-arms collection for Don, Volga, jaitskih, grebenskih and terskih cossacks in 16-18 centuries. Was the supreme body of an authority and selected officials.

The ARMY FOREMAN, officer grade in the Cossack troops of Russian army; with 1775 corresponded{conformed} a peavine of the sec - major, with 1798 - the major, with 1884 - the lieutenant colonel.

VOJSLAV Sigizmund Grigorjevich (1850-1904), the Russian mining geologist. Has invented a jumper for investigation of deposits. One of osnovatelej Russian Society of mining geologists.

VOJTES (Voites) Margarita (r. 1936), the Estonian singer (a coloratura soprano), the national actress of the USSR (1979). With 1964 solistka Estonian theatre " Âàíåìóéíå ", with 1969 at theatre of opera and ballet "Estonia".

VOITSEKHOVSKY Bogdan Vjacheslavovich (r. 1922), the Russian scientist, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991). The main{basic} transactionses on theoretical and applied hydrodynamics, a knocking in gases. The lenin premium (1965).

VOCALESE (frants. vocalise, from an armour. vocalis - a vowel sound), a piece of music for singing without words on a vowel sound; the exercise for development of vocal technique is routine. Vocaleses for concert performance{fulfillment} (S.V.Rakhmaninov, M.Ravel, etc.) are known also.

VOCALISM, structure of vocal phonemes of this or that tongue, dialect or family, group of tongues. Sometimes speak also about vocalism of the radical, the word, etc.

VOCAL MUSIC, products{creations} for one, several or many voices (with tool{instrument} tracking or without him{it}), behind few eliminations the bound with the word, the poetic text.

VOCAL ART, see. Singing.

VOKANSON (Vaucanson) Jacque de (1709-1782), French the mechanics. Has constructed a mechanic silk loom, has created a number{series} of automatic control units with clock mechanisms (including known toys - flitting a filling and the playing flutist).

PASSENGER DEPOT (from English Vauxhall), 1) pleasure establishment bliz the London (17 century); in Russia originally - a place of public amusements. 2) the Building (group of buildings), structures and devices for a catering, mission controls of the transport and disposition of service staff. Distinguish road service stations, air terminals, railway, marine, river, and also consolidated, or complex{integrated} (napr., railway - bus).

VOKLEN (Vauquelin) Lui Nikola (1763-1829), the French chemist. Has discovered (1797) and has secured{discharged} (1798) in a free state a chromium; has discovered (1798) beryllium.

VOCODER (from English voice - a voice and code - a code), a communications system in which the transmitted voice information will be transformed{reformed} by a sound analyzer to code signals on frequency or on time. Restoration of speech on a receiving end executes the synthesizer of a note. Allows essentially (approximately in 10 times) to compact the communication line at minor deterioration of quality of drive.

VOKULER (Vaucouleurs) Gerard Anri de (r. 1918), the American astronomer. Probeed Mars, has developed new grading galaxies, has discovered rotation of a galaxy Major Magellanovo the Cloud, has described an aboriginal superclump of galaxies. The writer of books " Physics of a planet Mars " (1951, Russian transfer{translation} 1956), " the Astronomical photo " (1961, Russian transfer{translation} 1975), etc.

The BULLOCK castrated samets of a large horned stock. It is used as meat and a work animal.

VOLAN (frants. volant), 1) a ball finned for the game in badminton. 2) Finish for a coat frock, a blouse, skirts, a stem of a frill.

VOLGA (ancient - Ra, in Middle Ages - Itil), the river in the European part of the Russian Federation, the largest in Europe. 3530 kms, the area of basin of 1360 thousand êì2. The beginning on Valdai vozv., the m. runs in Caspian, derivating delta (the area of 19 thousand êì2). Average discharge of water for Volgograd 724 m3 / with, in a mouth - 7710 m3 / with. Volga accepts ok. 200 inflow, the largest - Kama and Oka. In connection with a structure of a coordinated hydroelectric system with water reservoirs a drainage of Volga hardly zaregulirovan. The largest river plants - Volga (Kujbyshevskaja), Volga (Volgograd), CHeboksarskaja. Regular navigation from Rzhev (3256 kms). Volga is bridged to Baltic m. A Volga-Baltic waterway, with White m. - Severodvinsk water system and the Belomorsko-Baltic channel, with Azov and Black seas - the Volga-Don shipping canal, with Moscow - the channel him{it}. Moscow. On Volga - large cities Tver, Yaroslavl, N.Novgorod, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan. In a bass. Volga reservations: Volzhsko-Kamsky, ZHigulevsky, Astrakhan; natural national park Samara the Onions. As a result of man impacts the environmental setting has sharply worsened; search of scientifically reasonable ways of restoration of natural complexes of Volga is conducted.

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AIR BATHS, kind{view} of an air-cure: dosed influence of air on an exposed body, protecting from a direct sunlight.

AIR MASSES, large uniform{homogeneous} (in a horizontal direction) parts of a troposphere. Are disjointed by atmospheric fronts. In system of general atmosphere circulation air masses move{migrate} as a unit, determining largely a mode of weather. Distinguish masses arctic (or antarctic), polar, tropical and an equatorial air.

AIRSHED, airspace within the limits of terrain of an occupied point or industrial enterprise. Conditionally it is considered to be high bound of an airshed passing above the highest building or a structure.

AIR TRANSPORT, see. The transport.

The AIR FILTER, ministers for dust element of air given to rooms ventilating systems and conditioning or used in fabrication systems and machines. Air filters with a fibrous, lubricated or spongy filter medium are distributed.

CAPABILITY AND REAL, the philosophical grades expressing basic shells of development of subjects and the phenomena; a capability - the tendency of development of a subject; a real - is objective existing subject as outcome of realization of some capability. Distinguish the abstract, or formal (for which implementation there are no all necessary conditions), and substantial (having for the realization by all necessary conditions) capabilities.

POSSIBLE{PROBABLE} CONVEYANCES (virtual displacements), infinitesimal conveyances which can commit points of a mechanical system from time of a rule{situation;position} taken by them at present, not upsetting the communications{connections} imposed on system (see. Communications{connections} mechanic).

POSSIBLE{PROBABLE} CONVEYANCES the PRINCIPLE, for a mechanical equilibrium it is necessary and enough that the sum of activities of all forces operational on system at any possible{probable} conveyance of system was peer to zero. Possible{probable} conveyances the principle is applied at study of equilibrium conditions of the composite mechanical systems (mechanisms, machines).

DISTURBANCES MAGNETIC, jumps of a magnetic field of the Earth, distinguished from magnetic variations the sudden beginning and stormy passing. An example - magnetic storms.

ASCENSION, one of religious dvunadesjatyh holidays, it is established{installed} in honour of ascension of the Christ on the root. It is celebrated by believers for 40-th day after Passover.

VOZNESENSK, city (with 1938) on Ukraine, the Nikolaev region. Landing stage on r. JUzh. Bug. A depot. 44,4 thousand inhabitants (1991). A flavoring industry. Tanning association, factory of press clusters, etc. It is based in 1795.

VOZNESENSKAJA Julia (an ice-film. A name Julia Nikolaevna Okulova) (r. 1940), the Russian writer. With 1980 in emigration in Germany. Started as the poetess. In 1976 it has been sentenced to 5 years of the reference. In sketches " the Note from a water hose " (1979), " Women camp in the USSR " (1980), " the Camomile white " (1982), the book " the Women Decameron " (1987), founded on a documentary material, tells about a humiliating rule{situation;position} of women in the Soviet camps. The story " the Aster Chernobyl " (1987). Autobiographical lyrics.

VOZNESENSKY Andrey Andreevich (r. 1933), the Russian poet, the academician of the Russian Open Society (1993). In lyrics - tendency "to measure" the modern person grades and modes{images} of a world civilization; extravagance of comparisons and metaphors, complicatedness of rhythmic system, acoustical effects. Collections: " the Triangular pear " (1962), "Antiworlds" (1964), " Vitrazhnyh businesses the master " (1976; the State premium of the USSR, 1978), " the Postulate of the self-claim " (1990). Poems of "Master" (1959), "Lonzhjumo" (1963), "Eskar" (1964), "Perhaps" (1972; a rock opera " JUnona and Perhaps ", production 1981), "Pit" (1986). Memuarnaja prose, publicism; the book " Head foremen of spirit " (1984).

VOZNESENSKY Ivan Nikolaevich (1887-1946), the Russian scientist, corresponding member AN the USSR (1939). The main{basic} transactionses on a hydromachine industry (supervised over designing and construction of potent turbines and pompes) and to automatic regulation (vapor prime movers and boilers). The state premium of the USSR (1947, posthumously).

VOZNESENSKY Nikolay Alekseevich (1903-50), the Russian political figure, academician AN the USSR (1943). In 1938-41, 1942-49 chairman of the State plan of the USSR. In 1946-49 vice-president Council of Ministers of the USSR. The member of a Central Committee of the CPSU in 1939-49. The member of the Political bureau in 1947-49 (the candidate with 1941). The book " Military economy of the USSR in the season{term} of Domestic war " (1947). The state premium of the USSR (1948). It is repressed (see " the Leningrad business "); it is rehabilitated posthumously.

VOZNITSYN Procopies Bogdanovich, the Russian diplomat kon. 17-íà÷. 18 centuries the Participant of Great embassy 1697-98 and Karlovitskogo a congress 1698-99. In 1699 Voznitsyn has concluded advantageous Russia armistice with Ottoman empire. The chief of the Apothecaries order (with 1699).

VOZNICHY (an armour. Auriga), mia maid of Boreal hemisphere with a bright aster the Chapel.

ITERATED ENERGY SOURCES, sources continuously iterated in ecumene of the Earth of kinds{views} of power - solar, wind, oceanic, hydraulic power of the rivers. Iterated energy sources are non-polluting; they also do not result in a makeup heat of a planet (therefore call not adding).

VOZOK, an arcaded covered winter carriage on sabots.

INCREASE AND DECREASING of FUNCTION, concept of a calculus. Function f (x) calls increasing on a cutting [a, b], if for any pair{vapour;couple} of points x1 and x2, a? x1

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MILITARY REFORMS 1905-12, are conducted in the Russian army after a defeat in russko-Japanese war. The main{basic} content: loss of life; rejuvenation of an officer personnel; improvement of mobilization capabilities of army; new charters.

MILITARY EXPERTS (military specialists), generals, admirals, officers and officers of aged Russian army and fleet, attracted on a service in Red Army during the Civil war (all ok. 75 thousand person).

The IDENTITY CARD, in the Russian Federation the document giving by a military commissariat to citizens at call-up on an active military service or at transfer in a reserve (demission).

The MILITARY UNIT, political-military alliance or the agreement of the states with the purpose of combined actions for the solution of general political, economic and military problems.

" The MILITARY LOG-BOOK ", the title of three Russian log-books of 19 century on the military theory and a history. " The military log-book " was emitted in Saint Petersburg: in 1810-11 and in 1817-19 it is monthly, in 1827-1859 on 6 books annually.

MILITARY COMMISSARIAT (military commissariat), organ of aboriginal military steering in the Russian Federation. Knows military - mobilization and registration - draft activity.

" MILITARY COMMUNISM ", internal policy of the Soviet state in conditions of the Civil war. Policy of " Military communism " has been directed on overcoming of an economic crisis and rested on theoretical submissions about a capability of direct introduction of communism. The main{basic} features: nationalization of all large and mean industry and a large part of the small-sized enterprises; food dictatorship, prodrazverstka, direct produktoobmen between city and village; changing of private trade by state distribution of products to a class attribute (rationing system); naturalization of economic attitudes{relations}; the overall labour duty; an equalisation in the wage; military - prikaznaja system of a guiding of all life of society. After an end of the war numerous performances{statements} of workers and peasants against policy of " Military communism " have shown its{her} full breakdown, in 1921 the new economic policy is entered.

MILITARY DISTRICT, territorial combined-arms association of parts, connections, military schools and different aboriginal military establishments. It is headed commanding by a troops of a military district. Division of terrain of country into military districts practises many states.

MILITARY ORCHESTRA, see. Duhovoj an orchestra.

" The MILITARY COLLECTION ", the Russian monthly military log-book. It was emitted in Saint Petersburg (Petrograd) in 1858-1917. About 1862 organ of the Military ministry.

MILITARY COUNCIL, collective organ of direction of troops in kinds{views} of Armed forces, military districts (fleets), groups of forces, in armies, flotillas, etc. The Chairman of a military council is conforming commanding. Stationary values Military councils of consultative character exist{breathe} in the maximum military instances of many states.

VOZHDESTVO, the form of breeding organization in epoch of decomposition of a primitive-communal system. Steering of nation or the union of nations in vozhdestve implements rodoplemennoj or a military top led by hereditary leaders. See also Military democracy.

VOZHE, lake in a north of the Vologda region 416 êì2. Depth up to 4,5 m. A drainage through r. Svid in an eskar. Lacha.

The World Health Organization, see. World organization of public health services.

The CAUSAL ORGANISM of ELECTROMACHINES, the device, nourishing a current of an exitation winding of an electric machine. In the capacity of causal organisms of electromachines apply multiple-current generators and special transformers.

EXALTATION, in biology - reaction of living cells to influence of different factors external and an internal environment. At exaltation the alive system passes from a condition of relative physiological dormancy to activity. In the basis{fundamentals} of exaltation the composite physico-chemical processes lay. Fullestly exaltation is studied in nervous and muscle cells where it is accompanied by originating of an extending bioelectric potential - nervous impulse. Ability of cells to exaltation calls as an excitability. Compare. Braking operation.

EXITED STATE of quantum mechanical system, unstable state with the power superior power of a ground state.

EXPONENTIATION, the algebraic action consisting in multiplication of figure (a) most on a little bit{some} (n) of time: a·a ... ·a = àn. Napr., 34 = 3333 = 81.

RETURN of metals, the partial restoration of structural perfection{efficiency} and properties (in particular{personally}, a plasticity) distorted metals and alloys at their heating is lower than recrystallization temperature. Distinguish 2 stages of return - leisure time activities and poligonizatsiju.

RECURSIVE SEQUENCE (recurrent sequence), sequence a1, a2..., satisfying to a ratio of a kind{view} an+p + c1an+p-1 +... + cpan=0, where c1, c2..., cp - stationary values.

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RESIPROCAL CROSSING (bekkross), a crossing of a hybrid (animal or plants) a firstgeneration from one of parental forms for detection of a genotype.

TYPHINIA LOUSY (epidemic, european), an acute contagion of the person from group of spirochetoses. Flow by the way attacks (a fever, a fever, joint pains and a sacrum), alternating to remissions. It is transmitted vshami.

TYPHINIA TONGS, an acute contagion of the person with expressed natural ochagovostju; falls into to group of spirochetoses. It is transmitted by mites. It is clinically similar to a typhinia lousy.

RAISED, the grade of an aesthetics defining internal significance, majesty of subjects and the phenomena. Has become popular in an aesthetics 18 - nach. 19 centuries. In antiquity raised ("high") - special style of oratorical speech (the composition Pseudo - Longina " About raised ", 1 century n. e.).

HIGH GROUND, the epines of a surface elevated concerning accumbent terrains or adjacent parts of a bottom of a water reservoir (submarine elevation). Overland to high grounds attribute routinely districts with a true altitude more than 200 m.

SUBLIMATION, the same, that a sublimation.

VOZDVIZHENIE, one of religious dvunadesjatyh holidays, content in memory{remembrance} t. n. vozdvizhenija in 4 century in Jerusalem above crowd of believers of a cross on which, under the legend, the Christ was raspjat. It is marked by believers on September, 14 (27).

The AIR BLOWER, ministers for squeeze and air delivery or other gas. On a compression ratio distinguish fans and air engines. Sometimes air blowers call as air blowers or dutjevymi devices.

AEROSTATION (aeronautics), letanie on apparatuses lighter-than-air (air balloons). In the beginning of development of aircraft the term "aerostation" meant as well letanie on apparatuses more hardly air (airplanes, water elms).

VOZDUHOPODGOTOVKA, machining of air for collimating to him of the qualities adequate{answering} technological and sanitary-hygienic requests: air filtration from a dust, harmful gas impurity{additives} and odors, preheating (or refrigerating), drying (or humidifying), add-on of oxygen, aromatic substances. It is applied in warm-air heating systems, ventilation, an air handling.

AIR HEATER, the heat-exchange apparatus for calefaction of air passing through him{it}. It is applied in warm-air heating systems, plenum ventilation, an air handling, in boiler installations TES and industrial enterprises.

AIR CURTAIN, the directed air flow given system of aboriginal plenum ventilation, handicapping access in rooms of outside cool air (or hot contaminated air from fabrication systems) through gatepost or technological openings.

AIR BUFFER, plenum of air between the grounding of the machine (napr., hovercrafts) and a seating, between mobile and back blocks of mechanisms (napr., the air bearing), in devices (napr., gyros).

AIR FILMING, in mining - establishment of character of distribution of a mine air on productions of shaft (or a plot of shaft), places and value of escapes. It is effected by anemometers, and also micromanometers in combination with vozduhomernymi tubes.

AIRWAY (airline), the space overland by the way a corridor within the limits of which flights are executed{designed}, procured airfield and terraneous radio aids.

AIRBORNE TROOPS (VDV), the arm of the ground forces, intended for paradrop (transplantation) from air in back of the opponent and management of operations. VDV will consist of air-borne, tank, ammunition, samohodno-ammunition and other parts and subdividings.

AIR HEATING, heating of rooms feed in them of heated air. Distinguish warm-air heating systems: recirculation (in which exhaust air returns in a Cowper blast air heater for reheating) and combined with ventilation.

AIR LAW, the body of laws, (national and international), regulating the order of use of an airspace, air removals and reports. In an orb of an air law the considerable figure of international double-end and multilateral agreements acts. The Chicago convention 1955, directed on a strengthening of security of international air reports is most known. To an air law concern the convention on extirpation with stealing civil aircrafts, etc.

AIR-BREATHING ENGINE (VRD), the jet engine using for squeeze combustible oxygen of free air. On a way of squeeze of air distinguish turbokompressornyj (TRD), pulsing (PuVRD) and straight-flow (PVRD) engines.

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The MILITARIAN, in the Russian Federation the citizen consisting in store of Armed forces, and also the citizens of pre-conscription and draft ages consisting on the military count.

MILITARY - OSSETIC ROAD, the historical title of road Kutaisi - an item. Dargkoh. 275 kms. Passes through Main Caucasian hr. (Mamisonsky a saddle-point). It is constructed in 1897. Will consist of 2 highways: Vladikavkaz - Alagir - Mamisonsky a saddle-point (Russian Federation) and Mamisonsky a saddle-point - Kutaisi - Tkibuli - they (Georgia). Tourism.

VOENNOPLENNYE, in the international law - faces, inherings to armed forces of a belligerent party, including teams of volunteers the guerrilla, participants of movement of Resistance and other kombatantov, appeared in an authority of the opponent. Voennoplennymi some non-combatants (military correspondents, members of crews of a merchant marine fleet, a civil aviation, etc.) are considered also. The mode of a military film is adjusted{regulated} by Regulations about laws and customs of the land warfare (the appendix to 4-th Hague convention 1907) and the Geneva convention 1949 about the circulation with voennoplennymi.

MILITARY - APPLIED KINDS{VIEWS} of SPORT, the collective title of sporting exercises, their combinations taken from separate kinds{views} of sport (track and field, float, ski, etc.) and having military - applied value.

MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMMITTEES, the organizations of the Russian businessmen built in 1915 with the purpose of mobilization of an industry for military needs. Promoted formation of a state-monopoly capitalism.

MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX (VPK), notation (belongs to D.Eisenhower) usual in a number{series} of countries (the USA, the USSR, etc.) during 2-nd world war and strengthened contactsome in the season{term} of " cool war " alliance of a war industry, army and the bound with them of a part of state machinery and science. Scales VPK and a measure of his{its} influence on external and vnutrenjuju policy - expression of militarization of fixed country.

The SERVICEMAN, the citizen consisting on true military service.

The MILITARY - SUKHUMI ROAD, the historical title of a mountain plot of a highway Stavropol - Sukhumi, crossing Main Caucasian hr. (Kluhorsky a saddle-point): Cherkessk - Teberda - Madzharka (on the Black Sea highway), 349 kms. It is constructed in 1894. Porches to Pyatigorsk (91 kms), Dombajskoj to a glade (7 kms). Tourism.

MILITARY - TECHNICAL KINDS{VIEWS} of SPORT, the collective title of kinds{views} of the sport combining obshchefizicheskuju and technical training of sportsmen and having military - applied value. To military - technical kinds{views} of sport attribute kinds{views} of airsport, avto-, moto-, radiosport, rifle, vodno-motor, submerged, etc.

MILITARY-TRANSPORT AVIATION, kind{view} of the naval aviation included in air force. It is intended for a transportation of air landings, a troops, delivery of arms and other material supplies, an evacuation injured and ill.

MILITARY GRAMMAR SCHOOLS, the general educational closed mean educational institutions for children of the propertied classes in Russia. Are built in 1863 on the basis military schools (6 classes, with 1873 - 7). The general educational program is close to a course of substantial schools. In 1880 was ok. 30 military grammar schools and programmar schools. In 1882 cadet bodies are again converted to.

MILITARY MONEY, the impregnated-paper money produced as a mandatory medium of circulation and payment by military authorities of the state (coalition of the states) for terrains of occupied country.

" MILITARY FRIENDS ", a secret revolutionary society in the Lithuanian separate body in 1825. It is connected to decembrists and the Polish patriotic society. Chiefs - K.G.Igelstrom, M.I.Rukevich, A.I.Vegelin. In December 1825 attempted to thwart the oath to Nikolay I. In 1827 military court in Bialystok 13 person has sentenced to the execution substituted by different times of penal servitude.

MILITARY COMMISSIONERS, 1) representatives of Communist Party and the Soviet authority to parts (on the ships{spacecrafts}), establishments, connections of Armed forces in the season{term} (with rests) 1918-42.2) Chiefs of organs of aboriginal military steering in the Russian Federation.

MILITARY SETTLEMENTS, special organization of a troops in Russian empire in 1810-57 with the purpose of reduction of military charges. Aligned a military service with occupation by an agriculture. Are entered on state grounds Petersburg, Novgorod, Mogilyov, Kherson and other provinces. With 1817 main chief A.A.Arakcheev. Mushtra, the severe mode, severe regulation of life invoked{produced} revolts: CHuguevskoe 1819, Novgorod 1831, etc.

WAR CRIMINALS, organizers, prompters, chiefs, initiators and accessories of war crimes, crimes against peace and humanity. Kinds{views} and structures of these crimes and punitive measures are determined in charters of International military tribunals. The personal criminal liability of war criminals is established{set} by a number{series} of international treaties and agreements, and for some kinds{views} of war crimes - the national criminal legislation. To war criminals any periods of limitation are not applied, he{it} does not grant the right of asylum. War criminals are subject to issue.

MILITARY REFORMS 1810-12, were conducted in the Russian army under a guiding of military minister for general M.B.Barclay - de-Tolli in connection with preparation to laying ahead war with napoleonic France. The main{basic} content: increase of a strength of the army; introduction of body organization; reorganization of the Military ministry; drawing up " Establishments for steering of the Major field army " 1812 (1 regulations about field steering of a troops); education of army headquarters.

MILITARY REFORMS 1860-70-Õ in Russia, were conducted under a guiding of military minister D.A.Milyutin. The main{basic} content: changing rekrutskoj duties vsesoslovnoj compulsory service (1874) and building of mass army; arms of army new rifled weapons; building of military districts; improvement of combat training of a troops (new charters) and preparation of officers (military grammar schools, military and junkerskie schools).

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MILITARY SCIENCE, system of knowledge of preparation and management of war. The military science is closely related with special branches different public, natural and engineering science.

MILITARY ORGANIZATION of " NATIONAL WILL ", organization of officers of imperial army and fleet in 1880-83. The purpose: preparation of military tumble. The chief - the Central military circle in Saint Petersburg (A.P.Shtromberg, N.E.Sukhanov), mugs in 20 cities (ok. 400 person). It is routed by police, leaders are convicted on " to process 14-òè ".

MILITARY SECRET, the informations of a military nature specially guarded by the state; see also the State secret.

AIR FORCE ACADEMY him{it}. J.A.Gagarina, is based in 1940, urban settlement Monino of the Moscow region. Plots air command staff{frames}.

AIR-FORCE ENGINEERING ACADEMY him{it}. N.E.Zhukovskogo, is based in 1920 in Moscow. Plots artificer officers for air force, and also scientific and pedagogical staff{frames}.

AIR FORCES (air force), kind{view} of armed forces. The air force of some the large states will consist from strategic, tactical, a military-transport aviation and an air defense aviation. In the USA enter into air force also connections of intercontinental ballistic missiles and a military-space means.

The MILITARY-MEDICAL COMMISSION, in the Russian Federation is nominated in structure of several doctors - experts for realization of military-medical examination.

MILITARY-MEDICAL EXAMINATION, medical examination of militarians and servicemen for definition of their validity to a service in the ranks of army, fleet or special service arms.

The MILITARY - GEORGIAN ROAD, the historical title of a highway Vladikavkaz - Tbilisi, 208 kms. It is built through Main Caucasian hr. (the Cross saddle-point) Russian troops in kon. 18 century. The report is open{discovered} in 1799. In 20 century it is renovated. A plot of a main highway Beslan - Vladikavkaz - Tbilisi - Gjumri - Yerevan. Tourism.

MILITARY ART, the theory and practice of preparation and management of act of war overland, the pest and in air; a theory of art of war - a part of military science.

MILITARY SITUATION, the special legal regime in country or in its{her} separate parts, established{set} routinely the solution of the supreme body of the government under exclusive circumstances (war, a natural disaster, etc.). At military situation all functions of public authorities on the defence, pass maintenance of the public order and a state security to military organs. The order of introduction and a mode of military situation are determined by the law.

MILITARY - ENGINEERING ACADEMY him{it}. V.V.Kujbysheva, conducts the history from the Main engineering school, founded in Saint Petersburg in 1819 and converted to 1855 in the Nikolaev engineering academy, with 1932 in Moscow. Plots artificer officers.

The MILITARY - HISTORICAL MUSEUM of ARTILLERY, ENGINEERING TROOPS AND TROOPS of COMMUNICATION{CONNECTION}, in Petersburg (Park Lenina), is based in 1756 in Saint Petersburg. St. 476 thousand units of a storage, including the instrument, cool and fire-arms, banners; materials on a history of domestic artillery, an engineering troops and a troops of communication{connection}.

MILITARY HISTORY INSTITUTE, research establishment in Moscow. It is built in 1966.

ARMY MEDICAL COLLEGE him{it}. S.M.Kirova. It is based in 1798 in Saint Petersburg. Plots military and marine doctors.

MILITARY - RELIGIOUS ORDERS, see. Spiritually - knightly orders.

NAVAL ACADEMY him{it}. The fleet admiral of Soviet Union N.G.Kuznetsova. It is based in 1827 in Saint Petersburg. Plots command staff{frames} and marine engineers.

NAVY (a VTR; in some states - Naval Forces), a kind{view} of armed forces. The VTR will consist of stems of forces: submersibles, a maritime aviation, surface ships, a coastal rocket - ammunition troops and marines.

MILITARY-SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES, voluntary agencies of officers, and also listeners (cadets) of military schools.

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VLASOEDY, a set of parasitic hexapods of order puhoedov. The length of 0,8-10 mm, no side panels. St. 200 kinds{views}. Live in a mammalian hair fiber, eating the keratosic parts of a leather; some gnaw through her{it}. Some kinds{views} are connected to fixed animal - hosts.

VLASOKRYLYE, the same, that caddis flies.

VLASTAR Matthew (mind{wit}. ok. 1360), the byzantian canonist, the outlet box in Thessaloniki. The writer of the Syntagma - the fullest canopy of the christian law of Eastern church which have appeared in 1335 and soon translated on Serbian tongue.

AUTHORITY, in a general sense ability and a capability to render defining influence on activity, conduct of people with the help of any means - will, authority, rights, violence (a parental authority, state, economic, etc.); a political rule, system of state organs.

VLERA (Vlora), a bay of the Adriatic m., for coasts of Albania. Length of 17,5 kms, depth up to 51 m. A port - Vlera.

VLERA, city and a port in Albania, on the Adriatic m., an administrative centre reti Vlera. 68 thousand inhabitants (1987). Alimentary, chemical, a cement industry. Export of bitumen and petroleum. Fishery.

INJECTION, in medicine - jet or drip introduction of a solution in a blood vessel, a hypodermic tissue, pleural or an abdominal cavity, bronchuses, a joint, a bone with the medical or diagnostic purpose.

VLKSM, see the All-Union Lenin communist union of youth.

VLODAVETS Vladimir Ivanovich (1883-1992), the Russian geologist, the petrographer, the doctor of geologo-mineralogical sciences (1947), the professor (1953), the honored worker of science of Russia (1964). The main{basic} transactionses on a volcanology. The organizer and the first director Kamchatka vulkanologicheskoj stations AN of the USSR (with 1935). The writer " the Manual on a volcanology ".

VLOTSLAVEK (Wloclawek), city in Poland, a port on Vistula, administrative centre Vlotslavskogo voevodstva. 122 thousand inhabitants (1990). Chemical, machine-building, pulp and paper, a food-processing industry.

VLTAVA (Vltava), the river in Czechia, the left-handed in-leak{influx} r. Laba (Elba). 446 kms, the area of basin of 28 thousand êì2. Average discharge of water for Prague 142 m3 / with. It is navigable on 84 kms. Water reservoir, a river plant. On Vltava - Prague.

IMPUTATIONS the THEORY, the bourgeois economic concept according to which one part of production and its{her} cost are obliged by the origin to transactionses, and other - to the capital identified to production assets. F.Vizerom, Dzh is developed. B.Clark, etc. Rests on the theory of a limit of efficiency (see. Productivity{output} of the theory), negates ekspluatatorskuju a nature of the capitalist profit.

SANITY, condition at which the person is capable to understand value of particular acts committed by him{it} and to supervise over them. Sanity or insanity of the face which have committed a crime, is established{set} by court ground the conclusions of judicial - psychiatric examination. At establishment by court of restricted sanity it is taken into account at awarding punishment. The person adjudicated insane, is released of the criminal liability.

The World Meteorological Organization, see. A world meteorological organization.

CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK, children born from the father and mother, not consisting among themselves in properly made out spoilage. Under the legislation of the Russian Federation children who were born out of wedlock, have the same rights and the responsibility in relation to parents and their relatives, as well as children born in a registered marriage if the origin of children from data of parents is established{installed} in the statutory order.

EXTRA-GALACTICAL ASTRONOMY, section of astronomy, in which space bodies (asters, galaxies, quasars, etc.), located outside our sidereal system - Galaxies are studied.

SUDDEN OUTBURST, spontaneous instantaneous destruction of a part of a layer of a mineral (coal, a rock salt, a sandstone, etc.) under influence of mining operations in shaft. It is accompanied by a maximum deflection of a mineral and reinforced outgassing in mining outputs.

EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL CIVILIZATIONS, societies of reasonable entities which, on the modern scientific submissions, can exist{breathe} outside of the Earth (probably, on the planets reverting around of far asters). Clean datas about detection of extra-terrestrial civilizations no.

SALPINGOCUESIS, development of an oosperm outside of a uterus, it is routine in a parent pipe. Results in expulsion{relegation} plodnogo eggs through a running end of a parent pipe in an abdominal cavity (tubal abortion) or to a pipe break (it is accompanied by an intraperitoneal bleeding, a shock). Treatment operating.

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VIDAL DE AC BLASH (Vidal de la Blache) Pol (1845-1918), the French geographer, the founder of the French scientific school " geography of the person ". The book " Principles of geography of the person " (1922).

VIDAL (Widal) Fernan (1862-1929), the French therapist and infektsionist. Has placed{installed} a role of a streptococcus at septic postnatal complications; has developed a serological method of diagnosis of a typhoid (reaction Vidalja), has shown distinction{difference} between an anaphylaxis and an idiosyncrasy; one of founders of the functional direction in a nephrology.

VIDAR, in the Scandinavian mythology the god by a nickname " the Silent ace ", son Odina and velikanshi Grid; the mighty defence attorney of gods who should kill wolf Fenrira and survives after death of the world.

VIDEMAN (Wiedemann) Gustav Genrih (1826-99), german physics, foreign corresponding member Petersburg AN (1883). One of writers of law Videmana - Frantsa (1853), has discovered the effect called as his{its} name (1858).

VIDEMANA EFFECT, twisting of a ferromagnetic rod at simultaneous action on him{it} of a longitudinal magnetic field and the circular magnetic field built by a current flow weeping along a rod. It is stipulated by a magnetostriction, it is open{discovered} Ã. Videmanom (1858).

VIDEO... (from an armour. video - I look, I see), the part of the composite words directing attitude{relation} to electrical signals which bear the information on the plotting (video signal), and also to systems and the devices used in transmitting systems plotting (picture phone).

The VIDEO-ART (English video art), a direction in from - art of the last third of 20 century, using capabilities of a video technique. As against naturally television, designed on translation for the mass spectator, the video-art applies television receivers, video cameras and monitors in unique heppeningah, and effects also experimental films spirit of conceptual art which are demonstrated in the special exhibition spaces. With the help of the modern electronics engineering shows as though " a brain in operation ", a visual path{route} from art idea to its{her} implementation. The main founder of a direction the American of the Korean origin to us JUn Pajk is considered.

VIDEO, image recording routinely on a magnetic tape (magnetic video) for consequent reproduction on a screen of the television receiver through the videotape recorder. At video the plotting will be transformed{reformed} by a television camera to sequence of electrical signals (video signals) which are fixed on a magnetic tape.

VIDEOPULSE (from a video... And a pulse), electric pulse of rectangular, trapezoidal, exponential, bell-shaped or other form (predominary one polarity). Use in a television, computer facilities, automatics, etc.

The VIDEO CAMERA, portative television taking camera, structurally consolidated with a video cassette recorder; for record of picture signals and a note the magnetic tape in width of 12,7 and 8 mm is used. The video camera has an electronic viewfinder which can be used as well for survey just(now) the recorded plotting.

VIDEO CLIP (from English clip - to cut, break off), television art interpreting variety, the priest or fates - songs, as a rule, with application of "fractional" wiring and special effects. Distribution{propagation} is connected to occurrence{appearance} in 80th 20 By century of cable musical telechannels and the market of a household video equipment and VCR cassettes. It is used including in the advertising purposes.

The VIDEOTAPE RECORDER, the device for record on a magnetic tape of electrical picture signals (with sound broadcasting) and their reproduction. Speed of the relative{mutual} conveyance of a magnetic tape and the head up to 50 ms.

VIDEO SIGNAL, electrical signal with a broad frequency spectrum (it is routine from tens in Hz up to several MHz), used for building the plotting in a television, radiolocation, a facsimile communication.

The PICTURE PHONE, the telecommunication system including television and telephone devices, in aggregate permitting to subscribers at negotiations to see one another, to demonstrate drawings, photos, texts, etc.

VIDEO AMPLIFIER, the booster of video signals; passband routinely up to several MHz. Apply in television, radar, measuring, oscillographic, etc. instrumentation.

VIJAYAWADA (Bezwada), city in the south of India, on r. Krishna, pieces. Andhra Pradesh. 701 thousand inhabitants (1991). The textile, alimentary, cement, machine-building enterprises.

VIDZHAJANAGAR, the state in JUzh. India in 14-17 centuries, the largest hindu state in the season{term} of domination of Muslim dynasties on a considerable proportion of India. The beginning of decline - after battle at Talikote.

VIDZHNJANAVADINY, see. Jogachary.

VIDZEME (Vidzeme), historical range in Latvia, northward from r. Ajviekste (up to 1629 northward from r. Daugava). Since 13 century in Livonia, about 1561 duchy Zadvinskoe. With 1629 in Swedish province Lifljandija, austral part Vidzeme - Latgale has departed to Poland. In 1710-1917 Lifljandskaja lips. Russian empire.

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MILITARIZED MINE RESCUE PARTS, the specialized formations created on mines for salvage of people at emergencies, for the warning and liquidation of emergencies. The guiding of operating-technical activity of mine rescue teams implements headquarters of militarized mine rescue parts of mining basin, range or republic.

MILITARY AUTHORITIES, 1) system of military - administrative bodies of the state, state machinery of military steering. 2) Military steering of the terrain occupied during act of war or occupied as a result of war.

MILITARY ACADEMY of the ARMOURED TROOPS him{it}. Marshal of Soviet Union R.J.Malinovsky, it is based in 1932 in Moscow. Plots command - staff and engineering staff{frames}.

The MILITARY ACADEMY of the JOINT STAFF of ARMED FORCES, is based in 1936 in Moscow on the basis operating faculty of Military academy by him{it}. M.V.Frunze. Plots staff{frames} for an operative - strategic link and for a research work.

MILITARY ACADEMY HIM{IT}. F. E.DZERZHINSKOGO, is based in 1820 as Mihajlovskaja ammunition academy in Saint Petersburg, with 1938 in Moscow. Plots command and military - engineering staff{frames} of different trades.

MILITARY ACADEMY of COMMUNICATION{CONNECTION} by him{it}. Marshal of Soviet Union S.M.Budyonny, it is based in 1932 in Leningrad. Plots commanders and artificer officers of signalmen.

The MILITARY ACADEMY of BACK AND the TRANSPORT, is based in 1918 in Petrograd. Plots experts for all kinds{views} of Armed forces.

MILITARY ACADEMY of CHEMICAL PROTECTION by him{it}. Marshal of Soviet Union S.K.Timoshenko, it is based in 1932 in Moscow. Plots experts on a gas protection.

MILITARY AMMUNITION ACADEMY him{it}. M.I.Kalinina, is based in 1953 in Leningrad on the basis faculty of Military academy by him{it}. F.E.Dzerzhinskogo, up to 1960 - Military ammunition command academy. Plots ammunition command and engineering staff{frames}.

MILITARY VETERINARY SCIENCE, system of a veterinary service of armed forces; ensures functionability army animal (horses, war dogs), the warning of diseases of staff of a troops with diseases, general for animal and the person, and also veterinarno-health control of a condition of products of the animal origin acting{going} on a ration of a troops.

MILITARY PASSAGEWAY of the WINTER PALACE in Saint Petersburg, an exposition from 322 portraits of Russian commanders of the season{term} of Domestic war 1812 and participants of oversea marchings of Russian army 1813-14. It is open{discovered} 25.12.1826 (6.1.1827). Artists: Dzh. Dow, A.V.Poljakov, V.A.Golike.

MILITARY BORDER{LIMIT}, boundary range with Turkey (a part of Croatia and JUzh. Hungary) in structure of empire Gabsburgov, it was formed to nach. 19 century. It was steered military, with 1873 civil affairs government. The main{basic} population - Serbs and horvaty, are known under the title granichar. In 1881 it is abolished.

MILITARY DEMOCRACY, the term, injected L.G.Morgan for notation of an authority of military leaders at conservation of residues of a virgin collectivism and democracy at the stage of decomposition of a primitive-communal system (napr., a society of Greeks of homeric epoch). In the modern science to concept military democracy close concept vozhdestvo.

The MILITARY DOCTRINE, system of views and the rules{situations;positions}, establishing{setting} a direction of military construction, preparation of country and armed forces to possible{probable} war, ways of its{her} management; it is produced by political state leadership.

The MILITARY GAME, one of forms of preparation of organs of troop control (forces). It is carried out{is conducted} on maps. Can be operational and tactical, operating, strategic, etc.

MILITARY BOARD in Russia, the maximum central organ of military steering in 18 century. It is built in 1717-20 instead of lines of military orders with the purposes of a centralization of military steering. In 1802-12 it is reorganized in the Military ministry.

MILITARY COMMAND ACADEMY of the ANTIAIRCRAFT PROTECTION him{it}. Marshal of Soviet Union G.K.Zhukova, it is based in 1956 in Kalinin (nowadays Tver). Plots command staff{frames} for a troops of air defence.

The MILITARY MEDICINE, studies the theory and practice of public health services and a feature of originating and flow of battle defeats and diseases of staff of armed forces; will organize a medical support at management of operations and treatment-and-prophylactic service of staff of a troops in a peace time.

MILITARY MUSIC, intended for performance{fulfillment} duhovymi by orchestras, buglers, drummers at front education{learning} of a troops, military and public solemn ceremonies. In past it was applied and at operations.

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WATER WHEEL, the elementary hydraulic motor - a sprocket bladed, spun by water deluge.

HOT-WATER HEATING, heating of rooms feed in them of heat through heating appliances (radiators, convectors, panels, etc.), heated up with hot water. Distinguish water heating systems with natural and synthetic water circulation, with a top and bottom arrangement of a cultivating line, two-funneled and single-column.

WATER, in folk beliefs a demon in a mode{an image} of the old man, dwelling{living} in whirlpools, wells and other water reservoirs, sometimes at-sea (in Russian folklore - marine tsar).

WATER SEAL, the hydraulic device handicapping back-flow of gases in pipe lines. It is applied in a sanitary engineering to an avoidance of hit of sewage gases in a room through sanitarian devices (water closets, shells), and also in the gas-welding equipment.

WATER-MARK (filigran), the plotting visible on a lumen on a paper. It is put by the platen (dandy roll) with the help of a wire figure of a water-mark. It is applied to manufacturing documents, the money, valuable papers in order to prevent fabrications. It is studied filigranografiej. In bibliology helps to date manuscripts and staropechatnye issuings.

WATER Michael Grigorjevich (1924-87), the Russian actor of an operetta, the national actor of the USSR (1976). With 1946 at the Odessa theatre of the musical comedy (in 1979-83 artistic administrator - the director). Acted in film.

WATER OPOSSUM, the same, that plavun.

WATER CHESTNUT (a water nut, a water chestnut), a stem of water annual grasses of a set rogulnikovyh. Some tens kinds{views} (sometimes integrate in 1 polymorphic kind{view}, sometimes secrete up to 200), in Eurasia and Africa; in Russia predominary in the south of the European part, in JUzh. Siberia, on the Far East. Will grow primarily in small fresh lentic and medlennotekushchih water reservoirs. Affluent starch fruits ("walnuts" with cornute projections) are edible in a wet and boiled kind{view} (on taste remind chestnuts); have also feed and medicinal value.

AQUATIC SOW-BUG, crustaceous from order ravnonogih. Length of 12-20 mm. Populates fresh water reservoirs. Sometimes meets in quantities; ministers nutrition to fishes.

WATER SPIDER, unique freshwater spider. Length samtsa 15-20 mm, samki 10-12 mm. Breaths air by means of a pair{vapour;couple} of lungs and trachea. It is eurysynusic in Europe. Builds a submerged nest which fills in with air brought on a fuzz of an abdomen.

WATER PEPPER, plant of a stem a jointweed.

WATER SCORPIONS, sets of bugs. Length of 15-50 mm. Ok. 200 kinds{views}. Are distributed widely, predominary in Austro-Columbian regions. Live in fresh lentic water reservoirs. Predators; assaulting fry of fishes, harm prudovomu to a fish farming.

VOEVODA, the commander, the governor for slavonic peoples. In Russia it is known from 10 century In the Russian state - in the chapter a shelf, order (kon. 15 - nach. 18 centuries), cities (it is grey. 16 century - 1775), provinces (1719-75).

VOEVODIN Valentine Vasiljevich (r. 1934), the Russian mathematician, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1987). Transactionses on computational methods of algebra.

VOEVODSKY Vladislav Vladislavovich (1917-67), Russian fizikohimik, academician AN the USSR (1964). Has developed a fundamentals of the theory of oxidation of hydrogen and the first quantitative theory of cracking of olefinic hydrocarbon. Probeed radical reactions by methods of radio spectroscopy. The state premium of the USSR (1968, posthumously).

VOEVODSTVO, the main{basic} administrative and territorial unit in Poland.

VOEJKOV Alexander Ivanovich (1842-1916), klimatolog and the geographer, the founder of a climatology in Russia, corresponding member Petersburg AN (1910). Transactionses " Climates of a terrestrial globe, in particular Russia " (1884). Probes of interaction of a climate with other components of a nature, has given grading the rivers on a hydrological regime.

VOEJKOV Alexander Fedorovich (1779-1839), the Russian poet, the publisher, the journalist. A satirical pamphlet " the Dwelling of lunatics " (ok. 1815), parody (in spirit of "Arzamas") " Parnassky the Address - calendar " (1818-20; both were distributed in manuscripts, at life of the writer were not published). Transfers{translations}.

VOENIZDAT, publishing house, Moscow. It is based in 1919. Military-scientific, military - technical, political-military and fiction.

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BLESSING OF WATER, Christian church dedication service of water (in a temple, dwellings, the rivers, wells, etc.). The orthodox church distinguishes t. n. Great Blessing of water (before a holiday of Theophany, or epiphany, and in the holiday) and small Blessing of water (it is routine twice a year: per day a temple holiday and at any time domiciliary at will believers).

WEIR, barrier{working against} (threshold) through which water deluge flows over. In a hydraulic engineering the water escape with a loose flood of water through his{its} crest calls as a weir.

WATER SUPPLY, set{combination} of measures on maintenance by water of different consumers - the populations, industrial enterprises, etc. The Complex of engineering structures and the devices executing water supply (including a drawing water from natural sources, its{her} clearing, transportation and feed to consumers), calls as water handling or the water-pipe.

WATER OUTLET, water escape with the depth skip of the water, plump routinely by the way the tubular channel in a body of a dam. Ministers for descent of water from water reservoir, promyva ground pompes of a hydraulic project, the skip of water in a downstream pool in the operational and building seasons{terms}.

CHANNEL, water-course with motion of water on a direction of a slope in a deepening of a surface (the river, the brook, the channel).

WATER TUBE BOILER, steam boiler for which water and a steam-water mixture move on the steel pipes which are washed against outside by light-end products of combustion of fuel. Drum water tube boilers with a vertical run of pipes and straight-flow are most distributed.

WATERPROOF LAYER (water confining), the layer of water-proof rocks limiting from below or from above a water-bearing horizon.

The WATER BUDGET, ratio between arrival (a rainfall, return fluids from sewerage systems, from dewed fields, etc.) and the charge (vaporization, an irrigation, water supply, etc.) waters on any part of a surface (basins of the rivers, inland seas) for fixed time with allowance for economic activities of the person. Testifies to water availability of basin; at the negative water budget - about necessity of measures on cover{coating} of a water deficit.

WATER RESERVOIR, the artificial watertank of the considerable capacity derivated routinely in a glen by water retaining structures for regulation of its{her} drainage and the further use in a national economy. Water reservoirs can exclude lakes which mode of levels variates artificially and adjusted{regulated} by hydrotechnical constructions. The most negative consequences of building of water reservoirs: an inundation, a swamping, a underflooding of grounds, etc.

WATER EMULSION, the same, that emulsion paints.

VODSKAJA PJATINA, an administrative and territorial unit of the Novgorod ground (in the Novgorod republic and up to nach. 18 century), between the rivers Volkhov and Luga. In 16 century it was divided on Karelian and Poluzhskuju halves. In nach. 18 century has come in Petersburg lips.

VODSKY TONGUE, tongue drive, falls into the pribaltijsko-Finnish branch of Finno-Ugric tongues.

WATERS of the DRY MATTER, water of the rivers, lakes, water reservoirs, bogs, icehouses, and also underground waters (total amount ok. 35,8 million êì3). Waters of a dry matter basically fresh.

VOD (the self-title - vadjalajn), people in the Russian Federation. Number - less than hundred person (1992). Tongue vodsky. Believers - orthodox.

WATER CURTAIN mountain, a zone from water a dropping in shafts for a dust recovery on a path of motion of a dusty mine air. Forms by spray jets, fog generators, etc.

WATER FIELD - MOUSE (water rat), mammalian a rodentia. Length of a body up to 24 sm, a tail up to 15 see. Dwells{lives} on coasts of water reservoirs of Europe, Boreal and Eastern (up to Lena and Baikal) and in part Forward{Front} Asia. Well floats and dives. A majority carrier of the causal organism of a tularemia.

WATER JACKET, cavity for water or other liquids, ambient the elements of machines subject to heating and the equipment, napr., internal-combustion engines, metallurgical furnaces (in this case the water jacket calls as a torsion box), for their refrigerating.

The WATER TURBINE, the same, that the hydraulic turbine.

CROWBERRY (a crowberry, a crowberry), the stem evergreen is fruticulose sets vodjanikovyh. 2 kinds{views} (under other data, 15-16), in taiga and tundra belts of Boreal hemisphere, in the south JUzh. America and neighboring islands. Will sometimes grow on sand - bars and dunes, in the alpine belt of mountains. Fruits (jagodovidnaja a drupe) vodjaniki black are used in I peep.

DROPSY, clump of a liquid in perigastriums, a hypodermic tissue and other tissues at diseases of heart, kidneys, a toxicosis pregnant, etc. As the serotinal{late} toxicosis pregnant is defined by occurrence{appearance} of dropsies on legs, in range of outside sexual organs and a belly.

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WATER INTAKE, channel, water reservoir or the hollow accepting and deflecting, collected{plucked} by a bilge arrangement from accumbent terrain. The term "water intake" use also for notation of hydrotechnical abstraction intakes.

The WATER-PIPE, see. Water supply.

WATER SYSTEM, set{combination} of water lines (pipe lines) for water delivery to places of consumption; one of basic elements of water handling.

VODOPJANOV Michael Vasilyevich (1899-1980), the Russian pilot, the Hero of Soviet Union (1934), the general - major of aircraft (1943). In 1934 participant of salvage of crew of motorship " ×åëþñêèí ", in 1937 - air expedition on an arctic pole. In Great Domestic war the commander of an air division.

WATERSHED, border{limit} on a surface of the Earth, dividing a drainage of a rainfall on two counterly directed downslopes. A ground water divide - the conditional line dividing torrents of underground waters, driving in miscellaneous directions.

The WATER-PARTITE SPACE, on plains - an interfluve which is not having a drainage in any river system or with a drainage, implementing slabovrezannymi verhovjami the rivers; in mountains - a central part of a crops, accumbent to a watershed.

HYDROGEN (an armour. Hydrogenium), N, a chemical element of VII group of a periodic system, atomic number 1, atomic weight 1,00794. In a nature there are two stable isotopes (protium and deuterium) and one radioactive (hyzone). The molecule is biatomic (Í2). Gas without colour and an odor; firmness 0,0899 g/l, têèï = 252,76 °S. It is bridged to many elements, with oxygen will derivate water. The most widespread element of cosmos; compounds{makes} (by the way plasma) more than 70 % of mass of the Sun and asters, a main body of gases of interstellar medium and fogs. On the Earth is part some water, living organisms, mineral coal, petroleum. Apply in manufacture of ammonia, muriatic acid, to oil hardening, etc., at a weldment and metal cutting. Is part some synthesis gas. It is long-range as combustible (see. Hydrogenous energetics).

HYDROGEN BOMB, the obsolete title of a nuclear bomb of a major destruction force, which action it is based on use of the power secreted at a synthetic reaction of light nucleus (see. Thermonuclear reactions). For the first time the hydrogen bomb has been tested in the USSR (1953).

The HYDROGENOUS ENERGETICS, actuates obtaining Í2 from water and other natural raw material with an expenditure of solar, nuclear or other power, his{its} storage and use as fuel, and also in chemical transmission modes of power. Main advantage: high combustion heat (143,06 MDZH/KG) as contrasted to hydrocarbon fuel (29,3 MDZH/KG); unlimited stocks of raw materials if in the capacity of raw material to consider water, and an ecological security, t. To. A product of his{its} combustion - water. The hydrogenous energetics yet has not received mass application. The main{basic} problems: development of economic productive instrumentation for obtaining Í2, napr., electrolytic cells, plasma generators; his{its} storage methods in the gaseous and liquefied conditions or by the way the synthesized connections, napr., hydrides of intermetallic compound; a transporting with small loss.

HYDROGEN-HELIUM CYCLE (proton - proton chain), chain of thermonuclear reactions of metamorphosis{transformation} of hydrogen in helium without sharing{participation} catalysts. A hydrogen-helium cycle - the main{basic} energy source of the majority of asters, including. The Suns.

The HYDROGEN ELECTRODE in the electrochemistry, routinely platinized plate which is submersed in a solution of an acid with fixed ion density N + and washed against by gaseous hydrogen. At pressure of hydrogen 0,1 ÌÏa and thermodynamic activity of his{its} ions, equal unit, the potential of the hydrogen electrode is conditionally adopted equal to zero. Such hydrogen electrode calls standard, he ministers a reference electrode from which read out potentials of other electrodes.

HYDROGEN-LIKE ATOMS, atom N and the ions consisting, as well as N, from a nucleus and one electron (napr., single-passly ionized Not, twofoldly ionized Li). To hydrogen-like atoms attribute also atoms and ions with one vysokovozbuzhdennym (ridbergovskim) an electron. Spectrums of hydrogen-like atoms are similar to spectrum N.

ALGAE, group of the lowest water plants routinely keeping chlorophyll and producing organic substances during a photosynthesis. A body algae - a thallome which is not having true roots, stalks and leaves, from lobes of micron up to 60 m. Noncellular, single-celled, multicellular, colonial organisms. Reproduction asexual, vegetative and sexual. Departments (or phylums) algae: green, brown, red, yellow-green, yellow-green, diatomic, etc. Ok. 30 thousand kinds{views}. Blue-green algae consider as blue-green algae more often and fall into drobjankam. Algae - the main{basic} producers of an organic substance in fresh water reservoirs and seas. Are part of a plankton and a benthos. Some are edible (napr., a sea staff, a porphyry), other - raw material for obtaining feed mass, an agar, a carragheen, an iodine, etc. (many of them - object of aquiculture). A number{series} of algae test{experience} as components of the biocomplexes, spacecrafts logging in life support. Some single-celled and algae in symbiosis with mushrooms will derivate lichens.

DRAINAGE BASIN (orlik, an aquilegia), a stem of perennial grasses of a set of a crowfoot family. Ok. 100 kinds{views}, in a moderate belt of Eurasia and America; including 27 kinds{views} - in Vost. Siberia, Compare. Asia, on Caucasus. Some - the decorative.

CATCHMENT AREA (a drainage basin, a storage basin), terrain from which surface and underground waters flow off{run down;drain} in a fixed water reservoir.

WATER ESCAPE (sluice-way structure), the hydrotechnical construction intended for reset{drop} of redundant (freshet) water from water reservoir, and also skips of water in a downstream pool. The water escape with the surface skip of water calls as a weir, with depth - a water outlet.

WATER-YOUNG PIGS (kapibary), a stem of rodents. Length of a body up to 1,3 m, mass up to 60 kg and more (largest of the modern rodents). 2 kinds{views}, in central part JUzh. America, on coasts of water reservoirs and on forest bogs. Well float. Object hunts (meat).

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WATER RESERVOIR, permanent or temporary clump drainless or with a delayed drainage of waters in natural or synthetic hollows (lakes, water reservoirs, ponds, kopani, etc.). In a broad sense - notation of seas and oceans.

ABSTRACTION INTAKE (water intake), hydrotechnical construction for water diversion from the power source (the river, lake, a underground source) with the purpose of its{her} use for needs of water-power engineering, water supply, an irrigation.

DISPLACEMENT, quantity of the water extruded by the swimming vessel; the characteristics of the dimensions of a vessel. Distinguish displacement mass, equal to light mass, i.e. mass of the water seating in volume of a underbody of a vessel, and volume of displacement (volume of a vessel under water).

DIVING BUSINESS, the branch of a production activity enveloping rescue, assembly both other activities underwater and their material, technological and medical support.

WATER-LEU (an armour. Aquarius), zodiacal mia maid.

WATER-LEU, ancient vessel for washing in the form of a beast, a bird, the rider, from clay or metal. It is distributed in Middle Ages in many countries, including in Russia.

WATER TREATMENT (hydrotherapy), outside application of water with the purpose of treatment or quenching. It is carried out{is conducted} in the form of perfusion, rubdown, a wrapping, a shower, baths, etc. With the medical purpose use also baths with an impurity{additive} of oxygen, a carbonic gas, etc.

WATER-MEASURE, some sets of bugs. Length of 1-34 mm. Ok. 700 kinds{views}; dwell{live} on a surface fresh and ocean waters (sometimes in midocean), less often on coasts of water reservoirs. Go or fast slide{slip} on a water plane (from here the title). Predators, trupoedy.

WATERJET (water jet propulsive device), ship propulsor for which the force, driving the vessel, forms by a water jet pushed out from him{it}. Are established{set} on the courts swimming on a shallow water, or are applied in the capacity of an auxiliary thrust device.

WATER HEATER, the same, that a water heater.

VODONOSNOST the RIVERS, the same, as a mean perennial discharge of water or mean perennial volume of an annual flow.

WATER-BEARING HORIZON, layer or some layers of water-permeable rocks, cracks, pores and which other vacuum are filled in with underground waters.

DRAINAGE, removal surface and underground waters from shafts, pits, mining outputs, trenches, trenches, etc.

BANK-PROTECTION FORESTS, grade of the woods secreted in a water preserving zone (along coasts of the large rivers and water reservoirs) for improvement of a water balance, a hydrological regime, reduction of erosion of soils.

WATER PURIFICATION, complex of the production processes, targetting to finish quality of the water acting{going} at a water system from a source of water supply, up to content norms{standards} of parameters.

CATARACT, fall of water in the river from the terrace crossing a river race course. Water can drop on several terraces, derivating a series of cataracts - the cascade; less abruptly dropping cataracts call as waterfalls.

WATER RECLAMATION, reduction of quality of the water used in the technological purposes on different industrial enterprises, and also systems vodo-and heating, etc., in correspondence with requests of consumers.

WATER HEATER (water heater), the heat-exchange apparatus for calefaction of water the ferry, hot water (or gases) with the help of heated bodies, etc. Distinguish water heaters with surface heating (warmly it is transmitted to water at its{her} contact with a surface of heated elements) and with conduction heating (warmly is transmitted to water hot the ferry or gas).

The WATER-RAISING MACHINE (water elevator), the device for non-ramming sloshing (primarily waters). Protozoa water-raising machines - a crane and a gate for a water lifting from the well. Continuous feeding of water implements water-raising machines: the Archimedean screw, a water-raising sprocket, a chain pump.

The WATER-RAISING SPROCKET, the water-raising machine - a sprocket a dia of 2-6 m with loosely hanging scoops which sprockets at rotation scoop water and are drained (being toppled over) above a tray. Sometimes instead of scoops - hardly reinforced vanes.

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WATER POLO, sporting command ball game on water - in rectangular basin (30õ20 m, depth not less than 1,8 ì); playing, floating, aspire to throw a ball in a gate of the rival. The first competitions are conducted in the London (1869). The committee water polo is built in 1926 at International amateur federation of float. In the program of Olympic Games with 1900, world championships with 1973, Europe with 1926.

WATER SECTION, lateral section of a water-course. Distinguish a free area where speed can be measured, and dead space (with a stagnation).

WATER ECONOMY, the branch of a national economy engaging the count, planning{glide} and steering of an integrated utilization, water resources regulation, water protection from contamination{pollution} and an exhausting, their transporting to destination (consumption).

WATER SKIING, kind{view} of sport in which basis{fundamentals} removal of the sportsman on water on special skis with the help of a towing motorboat lays. As the kind{view} of sport was formed in 1930th in the USA. Into International federation of water skiing (it is based in 1947) enter over 60 countries (1992). World championships with 1949.

VODNO-MOTOR SPORT, the technical kind{view} of sport including high-speed competitions and tourism on motor courts. In the International vodno-motor union (UIM; it is based in 1922) ok. 50 countries (1992). World championships since 1920th in different classes of courts. In 1908 vodno-motor sport entered{included} in the program of Olympic Games.

WATER OBJECTS, starving, oceans, the rivers, lakes, bogs, water reservoirs, underground waters, and also waters of channels, ponds, etc., places of a permanent concentration of water on a surface of the land (napr., by the way a snow mantle).

WATERWAYS, the water spaces used for navigation and an alloy of a wood; the most economic for a shipping goods and passengers a kind{view} of lines of communication.

WATER RESOURCES, fit for use in a national economy of water of the rivers, lakes, channels, water reservoirs, seas and oceans, underground waters, a soil moisture, water (ice) of icehouses and a snow mantle; total amount (a lumpsum reserve) water resources approximately 1390 million êì3, from them ok. 1340 million êì3 - waters World ok. Less than 3 % fall into to fresh waters (35,8 million êì3), and are accessible for use of only 0,3 %. Theoretically water resources are inexhaustible, t. To. At intelligent use they are continuously renewed during a moisture circulation. However water consumption will grow such rates, that in many countries the defect of water resources intensifyed with each year is felt. Major danger is invoked{produced} with a natural water pollution called by reset{drop} in them of waste waters.

WATER BALANCE of GROUND, the ratio connecting{linking} quantity of water, acting{going} on a surface of a terrestrial globe as a rainfall, and quantity of the water exhaling from a surface of the land and World ok. For a fixed span. In the mean perennial season{term} the annual amount of precipitation is equal 1020 mm, vaporization from a surface World ok. 880 mm and from a dry matter of 140 mm. A water balance of the Earth - the quantitative expression of a moisture circulation on the Earth. He is closely related with a heat balance and alongside with nymas - one of the important parameters for performance of native zones.

The WATER CADASTRE, the systematized canopy of cramps on water resources of country. Actuates a hydrological level of scrutiny of the main{basic} hydrological performances and surface water resources. See also the Cadastre.

WATER RELATIONSHIPS, time history of levels and water volumes in the rivers, lakes and bogs. Annual cycles of a water relationships of the rivers section into characteristic phases: a flood, a low-water (summer and winter), a high water.

WATER TRANSPORT, see. A sea transport, the River transport.

WATER PROBLEMS INSTITUTE (IVP) the Russian Academy of Science, is organized in 1968 in Moscow. Probes of regularities of water exchange and the water administration of a dry matter, development of the scientific bases{fundamentals} of guarding{preservation} and use of waters.

WATER APRON, hydrotechnical construction by the way a concrete slab or a wood deck, located behind a weir or a water escape. Ministers for blanking out of energy of flow of water and protection of a river bed against dangerous scours.

WATER DUCT, hydrotechnical construction by the way the channel, a tunnel, a tray, the pipe line, etc. for water delivery to a place of its{her} consumption.

WATER-COOLED AND WATER-MODERATED REACTOR, nuclear reactor, in which moderator of neutrons - the routine water serving simultaneously and the heat - carrier. Enters into power and exploratory installations.

WATER CARRIERS Vasily Vasiljevich (1864-1933), the Russian publicist, the lawyer and the economist. Articles on a socio economic and political history. In 1926 has emigrated.

WATER CARRIERS Vasily Ivanovich (1825-86), the Russian teacher, the methodist on Russian literature and elementary education. Transactionses on theories of pedagogics, tutorials, books for national reading.

VODOVOZOVA Maria Ivanovna (1869-1954), knigoizdatelnitsa (Saint Petersburg, 1895-1900). Has emited books about working class in the West, professional motion, transactionses on political economy, histories of a national economy, to the right, etc.

WHIRLPOOL, zone in a torrent, defined by circular selfcontained motion of water.

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VNERABOCHEE TIME, the time which has been not occupied in transactionses in a social production. Actuates: the spare time expended for spiritual development, leisure time activities, entertainments, playing sports, and the time spent for a road on activity (there and back), restoration of forces and satisfaction of physiological requirements (dream, meal), management of a domestic and personal part-time farm, etc.

OFF-SYSTEM UNITS, units of physical quantities which are not entering in one systems of units. Examples: a horse - power, millimeter of mercury, etc.

OUT-OF-SCHOOL ESTABLISHMENTS, state and public institutions on out-of-school activity with children and adolescents - the nursery centres (out-of-school, educational activity, aesthetic education, sports, etc.); nursery parks and small towns; detsko-youthful sporting schools, stations of juvenile mechanics, stations of juvenile naturalists; the camp, organizing travel for children; nursery clubs, nursery libraries, nursery theatres, etc.

EXTERNAL FRICTION, see. Abrasion external.

FOREIGN TRADE BOARD OF ARBITRATION (VTAK), see. Arbitration court.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS, economic interaction of the states in which basis{fundamentals} the international division of labour lays. Actuate mezhstranovoe motion of the goods and services, financial and labour forces, technologies, administrative experience and scientific - information flows, foreign tourism. Master place in system of foreign economic relations is taken with export trade. The important role in development of foreign economic relations is played with the modern technological advance, planting economic mutuality of countries of the world.

PERIPHERICALS of a computer (peripheral units), input/output devices, print-outs, a storage and a communication of information, the bound it is function with the central processing unit according to structure of a computer (or systems of a computer).

EXTERIOR ANGLE of a triangle (polygon), the angle derivated by one his{its} parties and prolongation of an adjacent side.

EXTERNAL MEMORY of a computer, memory devices major (up to several Gbytes) containers{capacities} (predominary on magnetic tapes, discs, drums, optical discs) from which the necessary information is introduced into a computer during fulfilment of this or that program.

EXPORT TRADE, trade of one country with other countries, a constituent part of foreign economic relations. (Export) and import (importation) of the goods is sectioned for export. The sum of export and import will derivate the foreign trade turnover. Export trade bases on an international division of labour. Set{combination} of foreign trade operations of countries of the world - international trade.

VNESHTORGIZDAT, izdatelsko-polygraphic association. It is based in 1922, Moscow. Foreign trade and tourist advertising, the engineering specifications on the exported goods in Russian and foreign tongues; export and import of polygraphic services.

ATTENTION, concentration and directivity of mental activity to fixed object. Distinguish attention involuntary (passive) and the arbitrary (active) when selection of object of attention is effected meaningly, deliberately. Performances of attention: resistance, volume (quantity of objects which can be perceived and embodied by the person in rather short instant), distribution (ability simultaneously to retain afield consciousnesses objects of different activities), a capability of switching{changeover}.

VNUKOVO, a urban settlement in the Russian Federation, the Moscow region. A depot (Airport). 13,8 thousand inhabitants (1991). Close Vnukovo - one of the main{basic} airports of Moscow.

INTERNAL FRICTION, 1) property of solids is irreciprocal to capture{absorb;imbibe;occlude} a mechanical energy received{obtained} by a body at his{its} strain. Internal friction shows, napr., in decay of free oscillations. 2) In liquids and gases the same, that viscosity.

INTERNAL EAR, system reported, the filled a liquid of channels and cavities in a cartilaginous or osteal labyrinth for vertebrates and the person. In an internal ear accepting parts of acoustic organs and balance - a snail and a vestibular apparatus are located.

INTERNAL JAPANESE PEST (Seto-Najkaj), the pest inside channels between islands of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku (Japan). It is bridged with Quiet ok. Kii channels and Bungo, with Japanese m. - prol. Shimonoseki. The area of 18 thousand êì2. The greatest depth of 74 m. Fishery. Main ports - Kobe, Osaka, Modzi, Shimonoseki.

INTERNAL DISEASES, diseases of organs of a blood circulation, respiration, digestion, kidneys, metabolism, system of a connective tissue and blood, which treatment are executed by doctors - therapists. The main{basic} clinical science investigator these diseases (see has the same title. Therapy).

INLAND WATERS (in the international law), all waters, laying within the limits terrains of the given state (except for his{its} territorial waters): the rivers, lakes, channels, channels, water reservoirs t. d. Inland seas, restricted from different directions as a land, component terrain only one state are considered as inland waters also. Ocean waters concern to inland waters (waters of ports, bays, bays) from a reference line of territorial waters of the state aside coasts.

INTERNAL TROOPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, execute guarding{preservation} state objects special importances, particular-type loads, correctional labour institutions, etc. In the statutory order participate in guarding{preservation} the public order (at mass measures, natural disasters, fires, etc.).

INLAND SEAS, starving, penetrating pressing in land and reported with ocean or with an accumbent sea channels. Depending on a hydrological regime are divided on inland and intercontinental (napr., Mediterranean, Red) starving.