BASHKIRTSEVA Maria Konstantinovna (1860-84), the Russian artist. A creative heritage (more than 150 patterns, drawings, water colours, sculptures), and also "Diary" (in French; in Russian transfer{translation} it is published in 1892) have reflected mentalities and aesthetic winnowings of the last quarter 19 century later issued in an aesthetics of decadence.

BASHKIRS (the self-title - bashkort), people in the Russian Federation, an aboriginal population of Bashkiria (864 thousand person). In total in the Russian Federation ok. 1,35 million person (1992). Live also in Kazakhstan (42 thousand person), Uzbekistan (35 thousand person), etc. Tongue Bashkir. Believers - moslems - sunnity.

BASHKORTOSTAN, see. Bashkiria.

BASHLAR (Bashljar) (Bachelard) Gaston (1884-1962), the French philosopher, the literary critic; has put forward a conception " new scientific reason " in which attempted to interpret dialectic of the modern scientific knowledge. Probes about activity of fancy. Has exerted influence French school " new criticism ".

BASHLYK (turki)., a sharp-pointed almuce with the lengthy cleaning cloth, mounted atop of a headgear.

SHOE, in technique-1) a tip for connection of cable cores of a wiring cable with terminals... 2) the Final part of magnetic poles of electric machines... 3) the Heel of a column for a uniform distribution of a base pressure... 4) the Adaptation by the way a wedge, superimposed on railway rails for a shut-down (braking operation) of rolling stock... 5) the Steel tip mounted on the lower cuspidate end of a stilt... 6) the Support for installation and adjustments of machines.

"SHOE" (a nem. "Bundschuh"), the secret country unions in JUgo-Zap. Germany in 1493, 1502, 1513, 1517. The main organizer - J.Frits. On their banner the shoe has been figured. The antifeudal motion headed " the Shoe, - a forerunner of Country war 1524-26.

BASHMACHOK, a stem of perennial plants of a set of an orchid family. Ok. 50 kinds{views}, primarily in a moderate belt of Boreal hemisphere. Some kinds{views} are decorative. Venerin bashmachok (it is guarded in Europe with kon. 19 century, in the Red Data Book of the International union of nature protection and natural resources). Under the same title in greenhouses cultivate tropical orchids from other stems.

BASHMET Jury Abramovich (r. 1953), the Russian musician, the viola player, the national actor of the USSR (1991). With 1978 soloist of the Moscow philarmonic society. The first initiator of some the compositions of the Russian composers dedicated him for an alto. 1-n the premium at International competition of musicians in Munich (1976). The state premium of the USSR (1986), the State premium of the Russian Federation (1993).

TOWER, structure, which altitude much more than his{its} lateral dimensions (a diameter, the party of the grounding). Originally were plotted with the purpose of the defence (watchtowers, donzhony). Are applied in cult art of building (belltowers, minarets), in the civil architecture (beacons, passenger depots, office buildings), and also as engineering structures (the hydrostatic pressure, a wireless, television towers), etc.

BASHTANKA, city (with 1987) on Ukraine, the Nikolaev region, in 11 kms from zh.-d. An item. JAvkino. 13,5 thousand inhabitants (1991). The enterprises alimentary, a building materials of an industry.

BASHUTSKY Alexander Pavlovich (1803-76), the Russian writer, the journalist, the publisher. Nravoopisanija different layers of the Petersburg society in the book " the Panorama of Saint Petersburg " (hours 1-3, 1834), and also in " physiological sketches " (have in part come in constituted Bashutskim the almanac " our, written off from a nature Russian "). The autobiographical novel "Petty bourgeois" (1840). Publicistic articles of a conservative directivity.

BASHSHAR IBN BURD (714-783), the Arabian poet. The founder of " new style ", in many features denying canons doislamskoj poetry. Panegyrical and satirical verses, lyrics.

BASHCHELAKSKY the BACKBONE, in northwest of Altai, in Altai territory. Length of 120 kms, an altitude up to 2421 m.

BAJADERA (from portug. bailadeira - the dancer), the indian dancer participating in religious ceremonies or celebratory amusements.

BAJAZID I Fulminant (Bayezit Yildirim) (1354 or 1360-1403), the turkish anthurus in 1389-1402. Has conquered extensive terrains on the Balkans and in M.Azii. It is battered and taken in a film by Timur in 1402.

BAJAZID ANSARI (1525-1585 or 1572/73), the Afghani writer, the founder of sect and the chief antimogolskogo motions Roshani in Afghanistan. The composition " Preblagaja a message ".

BAJALINOV Kasymaly (1902-79), the Kirghiz writer, the national writer of Kirghizia (1968). The first story in Kirghiz prose "Adzhar" (1928). The trilogy "Brotherhood" (1962-72), is dedicated life of Kirghiz people.

BAJA-MARE (Baia Mare), city in the Sowing. Romania, adm. ts. zhudetsa Maramuresh. 150 thousand inhabitants (1989.) Center of mining area (copper, lead, gold, silver). Nonferrous machine industry, chemical, furniture, textile, a food-processing industry. It is known with 1329. Tower SHtefana (15 century).