COMB BACK DYNASTY, the English royal dynasty ruling with 1901 (up to 1917 called Saksen-Koburg-Gotskoj). Representatives: Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII, George VI, Elizabeth II.

WINDSURFING (English windsurfing), a version of sailing: races on special board (vindserfer or serfer; length of 3,7 m, width of 0,65 m, mass of 27 kg) with reinforced on her loosely rotated spar tree (an altitude 4,2 ì) for a flag (the area of 5,2 m2). Has engendered in the USA (1968). World championships and Europe with 1973; are carried out on regulations of sailing regattas. The international association of windsurfing (IWA) is based in 1973.

WINDHOEK (Windhoek), capital of Namibia. 145 thousand inhabitants (1991). An international airport. Center of trade. Alimentary, sewing, mashinosborochnye the enterprises.

VINDHJA, mountains in India, in a north p-ova Hindustan. An altitude up to 881 m, austral downslopes are steep. Dry deciduous tropical forests. National park SHivpuri.

WIENER (Wiener) Norbert (1894-1964), the American scientist. In transactionses "Cybernetics" has formulated original positions of cybernetics. Transactionses on a calculus, theories of probabilities, to electrical networks and computer facilities.

VINYL ACETATE, ÑÍ3ÑÎOÑÍ=ÑÍ2, a colourless liquid, têèï 73 °S. It is applied to obtaining poly(vinyl acetate) and different copolymers, napr., with styrol, ethylene, the vinyl chloride, emulsion paints used in manufacture, covers for floors, long plays, etc.

VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE, ÑÍ2=ÑCl2, a colourless liquid, têèï 31,7 °S. It is applied primarily to obtaining poly(vinylidene chloride) and copolymers of vinylidene chloride, napr., with vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile.

RUBBERS VINILPIRIDINOVYE, products of copolymerisation of diene hydrocarbons with vinylpyridines, primarily a butadien with 2-ìåòèë-5-âèíèëïèðèäèíîì. Gums from vinilpiridinovyh rubbers oil, benzo-and frost - proof, have a good adhesion to different materials. Are applied predominary by the way dip latex of a tyre cord.

VINYL CHLORIDE, ÑÍ2=ÑÍÑl, colourless gas, têèï 13,8 °S. It is applied to obtaining polyvinylchloride and copolymers of vinyl chloride, napr., with vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile.

VINYL RESIN, rigid plastic on the basis of polyvinylchloride. It is issued by the way leafs, slabs, pipes, it is pebble, etc., and also granules. It is applied as corrosion-resistant (in manufacture of containers, pipes), finishing and reefing (in construction) a material; vessels, vials from vinyl resin - for packing the household goods.

VINITI, see. Scientific and a technical data institute.

VINIUS Andrey Andreevich (1641-1717), the Russian statesman and the organizer of mountain - metallurgical manufacture in Russia. Son A.D.Viniusa. In 60-70-Ñ of 17 century on diplomatic service, in 1695-1703 chapter Siberian, in 1701-03 Ammunition orders. Supervised over construction of mountain - metallurgical plants on Ural. Transferred military and technical compositions.

VINIUS Andrey Denisovich (? - ok. 1652), the merchant and the industrialist. By origin niderlandets. With 1627 led a large grain trade in Arkhangelsk. In 1632 on the governmental loan began construction of metallurgical plants from Tula, then in other areas.

VINITSKY Vsevolod Vladimirovich (r. 1915), the pilot - verifier. The participant of Great Domestic war, with 1950 was engaged in tests of helicopters Mi-1, Ìè-4. Has developed a complex of aerobatic manoeuvres; has executed the first long-distance flight by the helicopter on route Moscow - Petrozavodsk-Moskva.

VINKELMAN (Winckelmann) Iogann Ioahim (1717-68), the german historian of art. Parsing from educational items a history of an ancient art, the ideal in a noble, raised sculpture of ancient greek classics found. Its originating explained a political freedom. The founder of an aesthetics of a classicism.

VINKELRID (Winkelried) Arnold (Erni), the Swiss national hero of 14 century. Under the legend, in battle 1386 at Zempahe tsenoju life has supplied victory of Swisses above army of the Austrian duke.

VINKLER (Winkler) Iogann (1897-1947), the german pioneer of a rocketry. 14.3.1931 has executed the first missile launch in Europe with a liquid jet engine.

VINKLER Klemens Alexander (1838-1904), the german chemist. Has discovered (1886) predicted D.I.Mendeleevym an element ekasilitsy which has called as germanium. Has developed (1875) industrial way of obtaining trioksida sulfur, having laid foundation manufacture of sulfuric acid by a contact method.

VINKLER Hans Gjunter (r. 1926), the german sportsman. The champion of Olympic Games (1956, 1960, 1964), the world (1954, 1955), Europe (1957) in personal and command competitions on equestrian sport (overcoming of interruptings).