BOMBAY (Major Bombay), city, one of the main economic centres of India, administrative centre pieces. Maharashtra. 9,9 million inhabitants (1991). A port on the Arabian m. (freight turnover ok. 30 million t.). An international airport. The large centre of cotton industry. A machine industry and metal working, petrochemical, chemical, mild, alimentary, a woodworking industry, motion picture industry. University. Near to Bombay - atomic power station Tarapur. The largest centre national-liberation and working-class movement. It is known from 16 century.

The BOMBAY UNIVERSITY, India, is based in 1857. In 1990 over 570 thousand students.

BOMBELLI (Bombelli) Raffaele (ok .1526-72), italian mathematician and the engineer. In "Algebra" (1572) for the first time regularly developed the theory of complex numbers.

MORTAR, 1) the instrument of short-range crocked eggs (templet from 20 up to 152 mm), similar on the device on a mortar, but as against him{it} was charged from treasury. It was applied in 1-¯ world war... 2) the Ship mortar - antisubmarine weapon of surface ships for shooting by depth charges on submersibles.

The BAUME (Baume) Antoine (1728-1804), the French chemist, the pharmacist and the technologist. Has invented (1708) areometer called as his{its} name. Has organized (1770) manufacture of muriate of ammonia (chloride of an ammonium). Has introduced improvements to manufacture of porcelain. In books " Elements of a theoretical and practical pharmaceutics " (1762) and " Experimental and regular chemistry " (t. 1-3, 1773) it is detailed cramps on chemistry of the extremity of 18 century from an item of the theory flogistona are stated.

BOMON (Beaumont) William (1785-1853), the American doctor and the physiologist, one of the first physiologists in the USA. For the first time has conducted (with 1822) regular probes on a stomach of the person for which as a result of a wound not healing fistula was formed. Outcomes of probes has extended in fundamental transactionses " Experiments and supervision{observations} above a gastric juice and physiology of digestion " (1833).

BEAUMONT (Beaumont), city in the south the USA, pieces. Texas, seaport (freight turnover ok. 50 million t annually) on r. Neches. 114 thousand inhabitants (1990), with suburbs of 360 thousand inhabitants). Oil refining and a petrochemical industry. Shipbuilding. University.

BOMA (Bomu), an oil deposit in Nigeria (gulf of Guinea oil-and-gas-bearing basin). It is open{discovered} in 1958. Deposits on depth of 1,9-2,3 kms. Beginning inventories of petroleum ok. 75 million t.

BONDS, the former title Annaba, in Algeria.

BOND DEA (an armour. Bona Dea - the kind goddess), in Roman mythology the goddess of fertility, goddess - mother which name was known only dedicated, was identified with JUnonoj, Gekatoj. The holiday in its{her} honour, surrounded with a secret, managed{consulted} in Rome in the beginning of December, on a nem there could be only women.

BONAVENTURA (Bonaventura) (sobstv. Giovanni Fidantsa, Fidanza) (1221-74), the philosopher - mistik, the representative avgustinovskogo platonizma; the chapter of franciscan order, a cardinal bird. Has been consecrated a saint (1482), to figure 10 of the greatest teachers of Christian church (1587). Taught at the Parisian university. The main{basic} composition - " the Guidebook showers to the God ".

BONALD (Bonald) Lui Gabriel Ambruaz (1754-1840), the French philosopher, the political figure and the publicist. In the main composition " the Theory of a political and religious authority in a civil society " (1796) from clerical items argued against with philosophy of the French Enlightenment; shadowed idea of a heavenly origin of a monarchy. Views Bonalda have received the title traditsionalizma.

BONAPARTISM, initial notation of dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte and Lui Napoleon, manoeuvring between social groups; combined demagogy with policy of approach to democracy and revolutionary movement. In a more comprehensive sense - the dictatorship manoeuvring between social groups in conditions of unstable social balance.

BONAPARTISTY, adherents of restoration in France Bonaparte dynasties after fall of the First empire (1814) and the Second empire (1870). Promoted Lui Bonaparte coming to power (Napoleon III).

BONAPARTES (Bonaparte), a dynasty of the French emperors in 1804-14, 1815 (Napoleon I) and in 1852-1870 (Napoleon III). In board of Napoleon I in the chapter conquered France or the states derivated by him{it} had been put representatives of a stem of Bonapartes (Zhozef Bonaparte - in 1806-08 Neapolitan king, in 1808-13 king of Spain; Lui Bonaparte - in 1806-10 king of Holland; Zherom Bonaparte - in 1807-13 king of Westphalia, etc.).

BONATTS (Bonatz) Paul (1877-1956), the german architect. Worked together with T.Fisherom. With 1908 taught in Stuttgart. With 1943 worked in Turkey. Construction in style of constrained and attenuatous neo-classicism with elements of the national architecture of austral ranges of Germany (the library of University in Tjubingene, 1909-12; passenger depot in Stuttgart, 1913-1927).

BONGARD-LEVIN Grigory Maksimovich (r. 1933), the historian, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1990). Transactionses on a history Other. India, Central Asia, problems of old indian crop. The state premium of the USSR (1988).

BONGO (Bongo) the Ale - Hadzh the Lobster (up to 1973 Albert Bernard Bongo) (r. 1935), the president of Gabon with 1967. The founder (in 1968) Gabonskoj democratic party. In 1973 has accepted moslem faith.

BOND (Bond) George Phillips (1825-65), the American astronomer. The director of the Harward observatory in Cambridge (with 1859). Together with father U.K.Bondom (1848) eighth guide of Saturn - has discovered the Hyperion and a crepe ring of Saturn (1850), for the first time has applied (1848) photo in astronomy. Has entered concept (1861) orbicular albedos (" an albedo of the Bond ") as a lobe reflected a planet of a sunlight.

BONDAREV Jury Vasiljevich (r. 1924), the Russian writer, the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1984). In stories " Batallions ask fire " (1957), the novel " Hot snow " (1969) - war by eyes of the ordinary participant, psychology of the person on war, his{its} moral dignities uncovered in case-hardened drama situations. In "Tishin" (1962) novels, "Shore" (1975), "Selection" (1980) - interpreted neottorzhimost destinies of the person from fate of a country, the composite zoetic conflicts of duties of people of military generation. A prosaic cycle of "Instant" (1981-87). Activities for theatre and kino (including sharing{participation} in building a film-epopee "Discharging", 1970-72); the Lenin premium (1972), State premiums of the USSR (1977, 1983).