ASHENBRENNER Michael Juljevich (1842-1926), the member of military organization of National will, the lieutenant colonel. The organizer of some officer revolutionary circles. On " to process 14-òè " (1884) it is sentenced to transportation for life. Up to 1904 in SHlisselburgskoj strengths. The book " Military organization of National will and other memories " (1924).

"ASHETT" (Hachette), " Libreri Ashett " (Là Librairie Hachette), the French joint-stock company under the issuing and distribution{propagation} of books and periodicals, Paris. It is based in 1919 (on the basis firms " Àøåòò ", it is based in 1826).

ASHIK-PASHA (Asik Pasa) (1271-1332), the turkish poet - sufy (see. Sufizm). A Misticheski-didactic poem " the Book of the stranger - wanderer " (1330).

ASHIMOV Asanali (r. 1937), the Kazakh actor, the national actor of the USSR (1980). With 1964 at the Kazakh theatre him{it}. Auezova (with 1987 director and the artistic administrator). Acted in film. The state premium of the USSR (1974).

ASHIROV Charms (r. 1910), the Turkmen writer, national writer Turkmenii (1970). Lyrical verses and poems; the story in verses " the End of a bloody watershed " (1948) - about social processes in a Turkmen village. Roman the "Pathfinder" (1970) dedicated the Soviet frontier guards, etc.

ASHKENAZI Vladimir Davidovich (r. 1937), the pianist, the conductor. Up to 1963 cable cores in the USSR. With 1987 heads the Royal philharmonic orchestra in the London. 1-n the premium at International competitions by him{it}. Queens of Elizabeth (Brussels, 1956) and to them{him;it}. P.I.Chajkovskogo (Moscow, 1962).

ASHKENAZY, an ethnic group of Jews, descendants of natives of medieval Germany. Compound{make} a large part of Jews of Europe and America, about half of Jews of Israel. Tongue - a yiddish.

ASHKERTS Anton (1856-1912), the Slovene poet. In collections " Ballads and romances " (1890), " Lyrical and epicheskie poems " (1896) has acted against a social and spiritual press; has entered into poetry a mode{an image} of the worker. Has emited the anthology of Russian poetry.

ASHMARIN Nikolay Ivanovich (1870-1933), Chuvash jazykoved, corresponding member AN the USSR (1929). Probes on the Chuvash tongue and folklore. The main{basic} transactionses " the Dictionary of the Chuvash tongue " (century 1-17, 1928-58).

ASHNAN, see. Lahar and Ashnan.

ASHOKA, governor Magadhi from dynasty Maurjev in 268-232 up to n. e. The state Ashoka enveloped terrain almost all India and a part of the modern Afghanistan. Patronized the Buddhism. Decrees Ashoki (" Inscriptions Ashoka) - the important historical source of epoch Maurjev.

ASHOT I BAGRATUNI, the Armenian tsar (886-891), the founder of dynasty Bagratidov; in extirpation with Arabian halifatom and Byzantium has achieved independence and association of Armenia.

ASHOT II IRON, Armenian tsar (914-928); has divided in 921 Arabian army for an eskar. Sevan, has defended independence of Armenia.

ASHOT III GRACIOUS, Armenian tsar (953-977), pursued{adopted} a policy a centralization, has created a standing army. Has transferred capital of Armenia from Kars in Ani (961).

ASHOFF (Aschoff) Ludwig (1866-1942), the german pathologist. Transactionses on structural botany and a pathogeny of different diseases. Has developed the doctrine about natural conductive system of heart, has described a specific rheumatic granuloma.

ASHRAM, the season{term} of life old indian an aria ("dvazhdyrozhdennogo"). Division of life into four ashramy (the pupil, domohozjain, a wood hermit, the nomadic ascetic) has been consecrated by religion.

ASHRAFI Muhtar Ashrafovich (1912-75), the Uzbek composer and the conductor, the national actor of the USSR (1951). With 1930 artistic administrator and the main conductor of the Uzbek theatre of opera and ballet. Opera " Äèëîðîì " (1958), ballet " the Amulet of love " (1969), etc. The Professor of the Tashkent conservatory (with 1953). The state premium of the USSR (1943, 1952).

ASHTARHANIDY, see. Dzhanidy.