ASHTON (Ashton) Frederik (1906-88), the English ballet dancer, the ballet master. In 1963-70 artistic administrator and the ballet master of Royal ballet (up to 1957 " Sedlers-Wells a ball "). One of osnovatelej the modern school of the English ballet.

ASHUG, ashik (the turki., characters. - in love), the national singer - poet for Caucasian and adjacent peoples with them. Except for songs of the natural composition, the repertoir ashuga includes epicheskie legends, national songs.

ASHKHABAD (Ashgabat) (up to 1919 Ashabad, up to 1927 Poltoratsk), capital (with 1924) Turkmenii. A depot. 412,2 thousand inhabitants (1991). A machine industry and metal working, himiko-pharmaceutical, glass, mild (cotton, silk, boot, carpet, etc.), a flavoring industry. AN Turkmenii, 8 high schools (including. Turkmen university), 4 theatres (including. Turkmen opera and ballet theatre). Museums: fine arts, a history, istoriko-study of local lore, etc. Istoriko - cultural reservation "Nisa". It is based in 1881. After destructive earthquake 1948 it is built up anew. Band of a square. Turan with buildings of steering Karakumstroja (1967), libraries him{it}. Azadi (1969-1974; the State premium of the USSR, 1976).

ASHUR (Assur), city of 4-th thousand - 614 up to n. e., with it is grey. 2-nd thousand capital of Assyria (nowadays ruins Kalat-SHargat in Iraq). Strengthening, temples, pyramidal towers, inhabited and commercial quarters, the library of cuneiform texts.

ASHUR, the main godhood of an assyrian pantheon, the god - promoter Ashur. With growth of political influence of city the god Ashur has received functions of the military godhood, the god - judge, the god of wisdom.

ASHSHURBANIPAL, tsar of Assyria in 669-îê. 633 up to n. e. Wared against Egypt, Elam, Babylonia. Has become history and as the collector of ancient written monuments; Àøøóðáàíèïàëà library is retrieved in 1849-54 at-sight Ninevehs (hill Kujundzhik).

ASHSHURNASIRPAL II, tsar of Assyria in 883-859 up to n. e. Has subdued the Sowing. Mesopotamia, the Sowing. Syria and Phoenicia.

AEDONA (grech. The nightingale), in the Grecian mythology daughter Pandareja, wife Zeta, the brother of the Zwitter-ion. Envying Niobe, proud of perfect{fine} children, has decided to destroy one of its{her} sons, however has by error pinned up son Itila at night. Zevs has converted Aedonu into the nightingale that she continuously wailed killed natural arms{hand} of the child.

AEDY (from grech. aoidos - the singer), in an incipient period of the ancient greek literature (8-7 centuries up to n. e., t. n. Homeric epoch) the singers composing and executing epicheskie songs under accompaniment of the string instrument.

The AERARIUM, the open room or site for realization of an air-cure.

AERATION (from grech. aer - air), 1) a synthetic saturation of different mediums air for oxidation of organic substances keeping in them. It is applied, napr., for clearing potable and waste waters. 2) the Adjustable natural air interchange in industrial buildings. Implements through openings (windows) in walls of buildings and femerells at the expense of a difference of densenesses of outside and internal air. It is used primarily in t. n. Hot shops (forge, foundry, etc.).

AERO... (from grech. aer - air), the part of the composite words meaning "air".

AEROBIC, see in an item. Rhythmic gymnastics.

AEROBES (aerobic organisms), power for vital activity receive as a result of oxidation processes including atmospheric oxygen; aerobes - almost all animal and the plants, many microorganisms. Obligate, or stringent, Aerobes develop only at the presence of oxygen (napr., acetic-acid bacteriums); optional, or conditional, aerobes - and at his{its} minor concentration (napr., yeast). Compare. Anaerobes.

AIR TERMINAL, see in an item. Passenger depot.

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION, set{combination} of methods of study natural (or artificially provoked) magnetic, electrical and other physical terrestrial fields instrumentation, content on a flight vehicle. Depending on a probed field distinguish aerogammasemku, magnetic observation, aerial prospecting by electric methods. It is applied to searches of deposits of mineral wealths, a geologic mapping and tectonic a zoning.

AEROHYDRODYNAMIC INSTITUTE Central him{it}. N.E.Zhukovskogo (TsAGI), research establishment in whom are carried out{conducted} fundamental and applications in range of aerodynamics of flight and toughness of flight vehicles. It is based in Moscow in 1918. The institute has in a Joukovski of the Moscow region extensive experimental base, including unique wind tunnels. On the basis departments and laboratories of institute a number{series} of research establishments on different branches of air science and technique is built.

AEROGRAPH (from aero... And... Columns), the device for dispersion of a fluid paint by a compressed air at its{her} deposition on a paper, a tissue, etc. during manufacturing posters, theatrical sceneries, a retouching of photographic plotting, case histories, etc.

AERODYNAMICS, section of an aeromechanics in which laws of motion of gas (napr are studied., air) and the forces originating on a surface of a body streamlined by gas. It was formed in 20 century in connection with development of aircraft. Primal problems of aerodynamics: definition of the forces which are operational on a body streamlined by gas, pressure profile on his{its} surface and speeds in gas, his{its} streamlining.

AERODYNAMIC FORCE, force, with which gaseous medium (napr., air) acts on a surface of a solid driving in her (napr., a wing of an airplane). The full aerodynamic force (calls as a full aerodynamic drag) can be decomposed on an aerodynamic drag, a upward force and a side force, perpendicular first to two.