BACTEROIDS (from a bacterium and grech. eidos - a kind), 1) the large forms of nodule bacteria which are generatrix at their penetration into roots of legumes (in nodules). Participate in a nitrogen fixation of an atmosphere... 2) the Fixed anaerobic bacteria (bacilluses) which are not generatrix spores. Dwell in an oral cavity, in an intestines and sexual organs of the person. Pathogenic kinds invoke acute inflammatory processes.

BACTRA, city (6 century up to n. e. - 16 century n. e.), capital of Bactria, then Kushanskogo kingdoms. Nowadays gorodishche Balh for like city in the Sowing. Afghanistan.

BACTRIAN CAMEL (Bactrian camel), mammalian a stem of camels. Length of 2,5-3,6 m. In a feral condition it is extremely rare, in deserts Sintszjana and JUgo-Zap. Mongolia (N.M.Przhevalskim in 1877 is open). In the Red Data Book of the International union of nature protection and natural resources. It tame in an extreme antiquity.

PLAIN BAKTRIJSKAJA, in a north of Afghanistan. Length ok. 400 kms, width up to 140 kms, an altitude of 250-500 m. Sandy and argillaceous deserts; along Amu Darya - riparian forests, meadows. Oases.

BACTRIA (Bactrian camel), historical range in Compare. Asia on mean and headwaters of Amu Darya (nowadays terrain of Afghanistan and in part Uzbekistan and Turkmenii). About 1-st floor. 1-st thousand up to n. e. A slaveholding society. Capital - Bactra. In 6-4 centuries up to n. e. In the state Ahemenidov, then in empire Alexander the Great. With it is grey. 3 century up to n. e. Greko-Baktrijskoe a kingdom. In 2 century up to n. e. It is conquered toharami; has become to call Toharistan.

To TANK, capital (with 1920) Azerbaijan. The railway junction, a port on the Caspian m., is connected by ferry crossings to ports of eastern shore (Krasnovodsk, Bekdashem, Aktau). 1080,5 thousand inhabitants (1991; including suburban occupied points of 1713,3 thousand inhabitants). An industry: oil and gas, oil refining, petrochemical, chemical, machine-building (manufacture of the petroleum equipment, instrumentation technologies, the electrical engineer and radio electronics, a ship repair, etc.), Manufacture of a building materials, mild, alimentary. Underground railway (with 1967). AN Azerbaijan, 11 high schools (including 3 universities), 7 theatres. Ok. 30 museums (including a museum of arts, the Azerbaijan museum of a carpet, a national applied art). It is known from 5 century, with 1747 capital Baku hanstva, with 1806 in Russian empire. An ancient part of Baku - "strength", or Icherisheher (state istoriko-architectonic reservation). A palace shirvanshahov, a minaret of the Synyk-faecal matter (11 century), the Maiden tower, " Bailovskie stones " (13 century), etc.

BAKULEV Alexander Nikolaevich (1890-1967), the Russian surgeon, one of founders of cardiovascular surgery, academician AN the USSR (1958), the academician (1948) and the president (1953-60) AMN the USSR, the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1960). The organizer and the first director (1955-58) Institutes of cardiovascular surgery AMN (nowadays him. Bakuleva). Transactionses on surgery of lungs, treatment of gunshot wounds. The lenin premium of the USSR (1957), the State premium of the USSR (1949).

BAKUNINY Alexey Aleksandrovich (1823-82) and Nikolay Aleksandrovich (1818-1901), the Russian public figures, M.A.Bakunin brothers. Participants of preparation and realization of country reform 1861. In 1862 have headed liberal - constitutional performance of the Tver intermediarys. Are encased in the Peter and Paul Fortress, after discharging are discharged of community work.

BAKUNTS Aksel (1899-1938), the Armenian writer. The collection of stories and stories about life of the Armenian peasantry (" In dark a gorge ", 1927), the collection of short stories (" Sowers of black arables ", 1933), satirical chronicle "Kiores" (1935). It is repressed; it is rehabilitated posthumously.

BAKURIANI, gornoklimatichesky a health resort in Georgia, on boreal downslopes Trialetskogo hr. A depot. Center of mountain skiing. A botanical garden.

BAKUFU, government of three dynasties of shoguns in Japan with kon. 12 century on 1867.

BAKUSHINSKY Anatoly Vasiljevich (1883-1939), the Russian historian of art, the art critic, the teacher. Developed a technique of museum excursions, principles of aesthetic education, promoted revitalization of art crafts Paleha and Mstery.

BAKSHEEV Vasily Nikolaevich (1862-1958), the Russian painter, the national artist of the USSR (1956), the full member AH the USSR (1947). Peredvizhnik. Conversations (" Everyday prose ", 1892-93). In the Soviet time kept traditions of Russian plein-air lyrical landscape (" Light-blue spring ", 1930). The state premium of the USSR (1943).

BAKSHI (Bakshi) Ralf (r. 1938), the American producer - animator, the scripter. The writer of numerous films - imaginations. In 1972 has delivered an erotic pattern "Cat Frits". One of first has become to combine animation with the game of alive actors ("Rush hour", 1973).

BAKSHONSKAJA CROP (in archeology), epoch of a neolith in JUgo-Vost. Asia. The title on mountains Bakshon in Vietnam. Cave parking. An economy: collecting, a hunt.

BACK STAY (niderl. bakstag), 1) a course of a sailing vessel at a quartering tailwind when the angle between a centerline of a vessel and a wind direction is more 90 and less 180 °... 2) Tackle (cable) for fastening ship spar trees, flues, etc.

BAKY (Baki) Mahmud (1526-1600), the turkish poet. The master kasydy and elegii acted in all poetic genres of the time.

BAKEU (Bacau), city on the orient Romania, an administrative centre zhudetsa Bakeu. 193 thousand inhabitants (1989). A pulp and paper, wood-working, textile industry, a machine industry.

BALABAN Gideon (1530-1607), Ukrainian church and the political figure, the Lvov diocesan; the opponent of the Brest union. Has based greko-slavonic school. BALABAN Dionisy (mind. 1663), metropolitan Kiev (1657), the opponent of subordination of Ukraine to the Moscow patriarch.