BAKRADZE Dmitry Zaharovich (1826-90), the Georgian historian, arheograf, the archeologist, corresponding member Petersburg AN (1879). Member "Meore-dasi". Transactionses on a history of Caucasus, Georgia, a source study, paleography.

BAKSAN, city (with 1967) in the Russian Federation, Kabardino-Balkariya, on r. Baksan, in 24 kms from zh.-d. An item. Nalchik. 30,2 thousand inhabitants (1992). Factory " Autospare ", the knitting mill, etc. Bliz Baksana - Baksanskaja a river plant.

BAKSAN (Azau), the river on the Sowing. Caucasus, dextral in-leak of the Miter square. 173 kms, the area of basin of 6,8 thousand êì2. On Baksane - a river plant. Verhovja Baksana and his inflow (Prielbrusje) - one of the main areas of tourism, mountaineering and mountain skiing.

BAKST (an ice-film. fam. Rosenberg) the Lion Samuilovich (1866-1924), the Russian painter, the schedule, the theatrical artist. The member of " the World of art ". From 1909 cable cores primarily in Paris. As the decorator of Russian seasons has stylized antique and eastern motives, creating the attenuatous - decorative fancy show.

BAKSTER (Baxter) Richard (1615-92), the English puritan ecclesiast and the seminary student. The participant of the English revolution of 17 century. Has based a recent trend in calvinism - t. n. baksterianizm (with less stringent treatment of a tenet about predetermining).

BAKT (á), off-system unit of germizidal activity of a ultraviolet radiation. 1 1 W of energy flow of radiance is peer at a wavelength 255,5 nm.

BACTERIAL LEACHING, method of intensification of process of extraction of valuable components from rocks with the help of microorganisms (napr., U, Cu, Au from deposits, dumps, etc.).

BACTERIAL FERTILIZERS, preparty (nitragin - crop of nodule bacteria, etc.), keeping useful soil microorganisms for agricultural crops. Introduce to soil together with seeds.

BACTERIEMIA (from a bacterium and grech. haima - blood), presence at blood of bacteria. It is characteristic for the acute season of many communicable diseases.

BACTERIA (from grech. bakterion - a bacillus), group microscopic, predominary unicells. Fall into "dojadernym" to forms - prokariotam. In the basis of the modern grading bacteria on which all bacteria divide on eubaktery (gram-negative bacteriums and gram-positive bacteriums, mycoplasmas) and arhebaktery, the structure of their cell wall is necessary. Under the form of cells of a bacterium there can be ball-shaped (coccus), rhabdoid (bacillus, klostridii, pseudo-monads), gyrose (a vibrio, spirillas, spirochetes); a diameter 0,1-10 microns, length 1-20 microns, and filamentous multicellular bacteria - 50-100 microns. Some bacteria will derivate spores. Many are mobile, have flagellums. Eat, using different organicheskiee substances (heterotrophs) or creating organic substances of cells from inorganic (autotrophic plants). Are formative both at the presence of atmospheric oxygen (aerobes), and for want of (anaerobes). Participate in a cycle in a nature, structure formation and fertility of soils, in education and destruction of mineral wealths; sustain reserves of a carbonic gas in an atmosphere. Are used in alimentary, microbialogic, chemical and other industries. Pathogenic (pathogenic) bacteria - causal organisms of blights, animal and the person. Suppose, that bacteria - the first organisms which have appeared on the Earth.

BACTERIOLYSIS (from a bacterium and... liz), destruction of an environment of bacteria and an output of their cytoplasm in an environment. Can be called by physical and chemical agents, bacteriophages, anti-bodies (bacteriolysins), some ferments, napr., a lysozyme.

The BACTERIOLOGICAL WEAPONS, biological weapons (weapon of mass destruction) - bacteria, viruses, rikketsii, mushrooms and the toxic products of their vital activity used with the help of alive contaminated carriers of diseases (hexapods, rodents, etc.) or by the way suspensions and powders in an ammunition, devices with the purpose to call mass disease of people, animal and plants. It is forbidden by Geneva minutes 1925 and the Convention of the United Nations 1972.

BACTERIOLOGY (from a bacterium and... logija), the section of a microbiology investigator bacteria.

BAKTERIONOSITELSTVO AND the CARRIAGE OF VIRUS, stay of causal organisms of communicable diseases in an organism of the person or animal for want of attributes of disease. Bakterionositelstvo and the carriage of virus with secretion of the causal organism is quite often supervised for people which have had been ill, napr., a cholera, a diphtheria. At some infections (napr., a typhoid) promotes distribution of disease.

BAKTERIOULOVITELI, adaptations for an air sampling with the purpose of definition of a degree and character of bacterial pollution.

BACTERIOPHAGES (from a bacterium and grech. phagos - the devourer) (phages), viruses of bacteria; are capable to strike a bacterial cell, to be reproduced in her and to invoke its lysis. Classical object of probes in a molecular genetics. Are used for fagoprofilaktiki and phagotherapies of communicable diseases.

BACKTERIOCHLOROPHYLLS, pigments capable of a photosynthesis green and purple bacteria. On chemical constitution are close to chlorophylls of green plants.

BACTERIOCINES, the antibacterial substances produced by many kinds of bacteria and suppressing bacterial activity of other strains of the same kind or an allied species. Are meant according to the latin title of a producer, napr. The coliform bacillus will derivate colicines.

STERILIZING POWER (from a bacterium and an armour. caedo - I kill), property of chemicals (bactericides), physical and biological factors (temperature, an ionizing radiation, a ferment a lysozyme, etc.) to invoke death of bacteria.