BERKENGEJM Abram Moiseevich (1867-1938), Russian chemists - organics, the honored worker of science and technique of RSFSR (1934). In monographies " the Fundamentals of electronic chemistry of organic compounds " (1917) has entered into an organic chemistry new submissions about electronic structure of atom. One of founders of a himiko-farmaceutical industry in the USSR. Has developed methods of production of some medicinal and synthetic odorous substances (novocaine, luminal, etc.).

BERKELEY (Berkeley), city in the west the USA, pieces. California; suburb San Francisco. 103 thousand inhabitants (1990). A machine industry, chemical, a food-processing industry. One of the largest branches of the Californian university.

BERKELEY (Berkeley) George (1685-1753), the English philosopher; diocesan in Klojne (Ireland). In " the Tract about the beginnings of human knowledge " (1710) asserted, that the external world does not exist irrespective of perceptions and intellection: life of things will consist in their perceptibility. The subjective-idealistic doctrine of Berkeley - one of sources empiriokrititsizma, a pragmatism, neopozitivizma.

BERKELIUM (an armour. Berkelium), Bk, the synthetic chemical element of III group of a periodic system, atomic number 97, falls into to actinoids. It is radioactive, most stable isotope 247Bk (a half - life 1380 flying). It is called on a place of discovering ( Berkeley).

BERKOV Pavel Naumovich (1896-1969), the Russian literary critic, corresponding member AN the USSR (1960). Transactionses under the Russian literature, its interrelations with foreign literatures, histories of journalism.

BERKOVSKY Nahum Jakovlevich (1901-72), the literary critic. The main transactionses on a history of the foreign literature and theatre, a history and the theory of romanticism, international relations of the Russian literature.

GOLDEN EAGLE, predatory bird of a set hawk. Length up to 90 see In Eurasia, the Sowing. To America, the Sowing. To Africa. Can long stew; production suffices on ground. It is used as a trap bird. It is guarded.

BERLAGE (Berlage) Hendrik Petrjus (1856-1934), the Netherlands architect. Aspired to a rationality, singleness and geometrical strictness of a composition (Exchange in Amsterdam, 1897-1903; the Municipal museum in Hague, 1916-35).

BERLAD, city and range in 11-13 centuries in a lower reaches of Danube (nowadays. Byrlad in Romania). Raznoplemennoe the population, fugitives from a press from Russian principalities - berladniki. A political dependence from the Kiev Russia, Galitskogo principalities; sometimes do-it-yourself knjazja.

BERLANGA (Berlanga) Luis Garsija (r. 1921), the spanish scripter and the producer. In the bright satirical form ridiculed orders and tempers of Spain in the season of board Ex ("Executioner", 1963; " the National gun ", 1978; " National property ", 1981, etc.).

BERLEZE (Berlese) Antonio (1863-1927), the italian zoologist. Transactionses on biology and anatomy of hexapods (including harmful shchitovok and diptera), mites and the lowest terraneous arthropods. One of osnovatelej a bioassay technique of a pest control of agricultural plants. The writer of a hypothesis about an origin of a metamorphosis for hexapods.

BERLI Adolf Ogastes

BERLI (Berle) Adolf Ogastes (1895-1971), the American economist and the lawyer. One of creators of " administrative revolution " theories.

BERLIN (Berlin), capital of Germany. It is located at a lockin r. SHpre in r. Havel, on the shipping canals connecting Berlin with rr. Elba and Oder. The area ok. 890 êì2. The population 4,3 million person in 1939, ok. 2,8 million person in 1945, 3,3 million person in 1949, 3,5 million person in 1992. With 1990 do-it-yourself administrative unit. International airports SHenefeld, Tempelhof and Tegel. Underground railway. Main industries - a machine industry (electrotechnical, electronic, instrumentation technologies, general and transport), himiko-pharmacological (manufacture of medicines and products, the thin organic synthesis), polygraphic, textile, sewing, flavoring. As the city Berlin has arisen in 1-st floor. 13 century. With 1486 capital of Brandenburg (then Prussia), with 1871 - Germany. Berlin - the largest industrial, cultural and a centre of science of Germany, one of the main centres German revolutionary and working-class movement (Revolution 1848-49, November revolutions 1918, etc.) . On a final stage of Great Domestic war in Europe the Soviet troops 2.5.1945 have completely taken possession of city (see. The Berlin operation). After rout of fascist Germany the terrain of Berlin separated into zones of occupation of the USSR, the USA, the Great Britain and France. The western mandatory powers have conducted elections to urban parliament (in 1948). In eastern part 7.10.1949 the German Democratic Republic and Berlin has been professed is declared by capital of the German Democratic Republic. In 1961 under the recommendation of meeting of country leaders - participants of the Warsaw agreement was sooruzhena " the Berlin wall " (system of defensive structures between the German Democratic Republic and Zap. Berlin a general expansion of 162 kms, including 45 kms in urban matrix) actually for the arrest of mass out flux of the population of the German Democratic Republic to the West. As a result of political vicissitudes in the German Democratic Republic (November - December 1989) in 1990 wall has been demounted. After apposition of the German Democratic Republic to Federative Republic of Germany 3.10.1990 status of federal capital in consolidated Germany has transfered from Bonn to Berlin. Universities. Theatres: opera, " Komishe operas ", " Berliner band ", etc. The Berlin state museums, the Museum of a german history, study of local lore, etc. Zoological gardens. Gothic churches of 13-14 centuries, baroque and klassitsisticheskie bands of 17-19 centuries. Games XI The Olympic (1936).

BERLIN Alexander Aleksandrovich (r. 1940), the Russian scientist, corresponding member Russian AN (1994). Probes in range of chemistry and physics vysokomoljarnyh connections and composites.

BERLIN Alfred Anisimovich (1912-78), the Russian chemist. The honored worker of science and technique of Russia (1978). Transactionses on chemistry and polymer technologies. Has created scientific fundamentalses of obtaining and a foam moulding. Has developed ways of obtaining of oligomers and polymeric materials on their basis. The state premium of the USSR (1949).

BERLIN (Berlin) Isajja (r. 1909), the English thinker, the historian of european political and ethical idea of New time. The native of Russia. Transfers of the Russian literature, memory on O.Haksli, A.A.Ahmatovoj, B.L.Pasternake. Books " Four sketches about freedom " (1969), " Russian thinkers " (1978), " Concepts and grades. Philosophical sketches " (1978), " Against the stream. Sketches on a history of ideas " (1979), " Personal impressions " (1980).

BERLINGUER (Berlinguer) Enriko (1922-1984), the secretary general of Italian Communist Party (IKP) with 1972. In 1943-45 participant of movement of Resistance. In 1950-56 secretary general of Italian federation of communist youth.

" BERLINER BAND " (Berliner Ensemble), german drama theatre. It is based in 1949 in Berlin by B.Brecht and E.Vejgel as theatre of an anti-fascist and antimilitarist directivity. Actuates in repertoir of product german and foreign (including Russian) dramatic art.

The BERLIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, one of main centres of science of Germany up to 1945. Conducts a history from the Brandenburg science foundation (it is based in 1700; the president - G.Lejbnits), with 1744 Berlin royal AN; later the Berlin royal academy of sciences and literatures, Prussian AN. It is recreated in 1946 (in 1949-89 - AN the German Democratic Republic).