BIRCH-BARK LETTERS, old russian letters and the documents of 11-15 centuries harrowed on a birchen bark (birch bark). In 1951-93 it is retrieved over 753 birch-bark letters in Novgorod, a little in Smolensk, the Item. Russe, Pskov, Vitebsk, Tver, Moscow, etc.

BERESFORD (Beresford) Bruce (r. 1940), the australian film director. A key figure t. n. " The australian Renaissance " 1970th in a cinematograph. The world success has brought to him film "Infringer Morant" (1979). Works in Hollywood. The premium "Oscar" for film " the Driver of miss Dejzi " (1989).

BERET (frants. beret), mild circular flat shapochka without a headpiece and okolysha. In a Western-European costume{suit} the beret is known from 16 century, but in Russia has appeared only in the beginning of 19 century. In the first half of eyelid was only a women headgear, besides only married ladies. Berets produced from silk, a velvet, laces, finished feathers, colours and jeweller dressings.

BERZHE (Berger), a karst abyss in France, in mass Verkor in the Alpes. Depth of 1248 m (one of the most steep on the Earth).

BERZHERON (Bergeron) Tours (1891-1977), the Swedish meteorologist. One of founders of the doctrine about air masses and fronts, the creator of a dynamic climatology. Has placed{installed} a role of a solid phase in a rainfall from clouds.

BERZARIN Nikolay Erastovich (1904-45), the general - colonel (1945), the Hero of Soviet Union (1945). The commander of a rifle division in breakages in area an eskar. Hasan (1938). In Great Domestic war commanding a number{series} of armies. After taking Berlin (1945) military commander of a town garrison. Has perished in automobile accident.

BERZIN (Berzinsh) Rejngold Iosifovich (JAzepovich) (1888-1939), the commander. In 1918 Red armies commanding by a troops in extirpation with Central glad and rebelion Dovbor-Musnitskogo, commanding army on the Sowing. Ural. In 1919-24 member Revoljutsionno-military of some fronts. It is repressed; it is rehabilitated posthumously.

BERZIN-PRIEDE (Berzinja-Priede) Ë., see Priede-Berzinja L.

BERZINSH (Berzins) Boris (r. 1930), the Latvian painter, the national artist of Latvia (1989), corresponding member AH (1988). Bright optimistic cloths on themes of life of the Latvian village (" Bread and the sun ", 1962), landscapes (" In dunes ", 1981).

BERZINSH Rudolfs (1881-1949), the Latvian singer, the producer, the national actor of Latvia (1944). In 1919-28 in the Latvian national opera, with 1944 conductor and the artistic administrator of the Latvian theatre of opera and ballet. Consignments in R.Wagner operas.

BERZINSH JAnis (1893-1972), the scientist - zootechnician, academician AN of Latvia (1951). Transactionses on animal husbandry and a feeding agricultural animal. The lenin premium (1964).

BERIBERI (from Singhalese beri - asthenia), the disease stipulated primarily by defect in nutrition of vitamin Â1. Developments: a polyneuritis, cardiovascular distresses, dropsies. It is distributed predominary in the south and the orient Asia.

BERIDZE Alexander Longinovich (1858-1917), the Georgian painter. And the schedule{chart}. Realistic plotting of national phylums (" the Girl, binding a sleeving ", 1892).

BERIEV (Beriashvili) George Mihajlovich (1903-1979), the Russian aircraft designer, the general - major-inzhener (1951), Dr.Sci.Tech. Under guiding Berieva seaplanes, reactive flying boats, airplanes - amphibians are built, etc. State premiums of the USSR (1947, 1968).

BERIKAOBA, Georgian improvizatsionnyj a folk theatre of a mask. Existed{breathed} from ancient times up to nach. 20 century. Actors berikaoba called berike.

BERYL, mineral of subclass of ring silikates, Al2Be3 [Si6O18]. Crystals - hexahedral prisms. Green, white mottled, grey. Versions: an emerald, aquamarine, geliodor, vorobjevit (precious stones), rosterit. Hardness 7,5-8; firmness of 2,65-2,75 g / sm3. Meets in pnevmatolito-hydrothermal deposits, in pegmatitah, grejzenah, quartzy cable cores, etc. Ore of beryllium.

BERYLLIUM ORE. Main minerals: beryl, fenakit, bertrandite, gelbertrandit, chrysoberyl, Helvinum, gentgelvin. Deposits postmagmatic. Content BeO in beryllium ores from 0,05-0,09 up to 0,7 %. Deposits: Minas-ZHerajs, Fur stole - whist (Brazil), Filch - Mauntin (USA), etc.

BERILLIUM DIFFUSION, saturation of a surface of items from high-temperature alloys beryllium primarily for antioxygenation at temperatures up to 1100 °S.

BERYLLIUM (an armour. Beryllium), Ve, a chemical element of II group of a periodic system, atomic number 4, atomic weight 9,01218. It is called on a mineral to beryl. Light grey metal, mild and solid; firmness of 1,816 g / sm3, tïë 1287 °S. Above 800 °S it is oxidized up to VeO. Beryllium and his{its} alloys apply in the electrical engineer, samoleto-and a rocket manufacturing, to berillium diffusion. In nuclear reactors - a decelerator and a neutron reflector. In a mix with Ra, Po, Ac - a neutron-source. Connections of beryllium are toxicant.