BISHKEK (up to 1926 official title Pishpek, to 1926-91 Frunzes), capital of Kirghizia, the centre (with 1990) region Chujskoj, in CHujskoj to a valley, for boreal foot Kirghiz hr. A depot. 631,3 thousand inhabitants (1991; including occupied points, subject to municipal council, 641,4 thousand inhabitants). A machine industry (assembly of lorries, the electrotechnical equipment, priboro-and machine-tool construction, an agricultural machine industry, manufacture of a computer, etc.), Mild, flavoring, chemical, himiko-pharmacological, furniture, a building materials an industry. AN Kirghizia. 8 high schools (including. The Kirghiz university). 4 theatres (including. Opera and ballet theatre). Museums: histories of Kirghizia, fine arts of Kirghizia, the literature him{it}. Toktogula, a nature, etc. Houses - museums: M.V.Frunze (was born in Pishpeke), G.Ajtieva, S.A.Chujkova. It is based in 1864 as Russian military settlement, city with 1878. About 1924 centre Kar - Kirghiz (with 1925 Kirghiz) autonomous region, with 1926 capital Kirghiz Independent{Autonomous} SSR, with 1936 - Kirghiz SSR, with 1991 - Republics Kirghizias (Kyrghyzstan).

BISHOP (Bishop) John Michael (r. 1936), the American molecular biologist, the virologist. The main{basic} activities on a molecular genetics of a cancer, an origin, structure and functions of oncogenes. Has proved (together with H.Varmusom and French scientist D.Steelenom) a cell-like nature of virus oncogenes. The Nobel Prize (1989, together with Varmusom).

BISHOF (Bischoff) Teodor Ludwig (1807-1882), the german anatomist, the embryologist, foreign corresponding member Petersburg AN (1846). Probeed early stages of development of a germ of mammals. Has described (1838) process of cleavage eggs.

BISCHOFITE, mineral of a class of halogenides, MgCl2.6H2O. Impurity{additive} Br (up to 1 %). White acinose or fibrous units. It is hygroscopic. The burning - bitter taste is characteristic. Hardness 1-2; firmness of 1,6 g / sm3. Hemogennyj, sedimental. Raw material for obtaining magnesium and his{its} connections. It is used in medicine.

BIEN (Behan) Brendan (1923-64), the irish writer. Autobiographical stories " In correctional colony " (1958), " the Confession of the irish rebel " (it is published in 1965); the play "Hostage" (1958) is directed against callousness and cruelty of the modern society.

BIJURGUN, a feed plant of a stem a cockspur.

BIJA, the river on Altai, dextral component of Ob. 301 kms, the area of basin of 37 thousand êì2. Escapes from Teletskogo an eskar. Average discharge of water for Biisk 477 m3 / with. Driveable. It is navigable on 225 kms from a mouth.

BLAVATSKAYA Elena Petrovna (1831-91), the Russian writer and teosof. Wandered across Europe, the Sowing. To Africa, M.Azii, the Sowing. And JUzh. To America, India and China. In 1859 has returned to Russia and with 1860 settled spiritualistic sessions. Having leaved in 1873 in the USA, typed in American press of the article on spiritism. Has accepted the American citizenship (1877). Under influence of indian philosophy has based in 1875 in New York the Theosophic society. In 1878 has leaved for India where with 1878 the Theosophic society was justified. In 1884 has returned to Europe where a number{series} of letters of Blavatskaya from which appeared was given publicity, that its{her} numerous "phenomena" were the fraud. Blavatskaya main compositions: " Unmasked Isida " (1877), " the Secret doctrine " (t. 1-3, 1888-97).

BLAGININA Elena Aleksandrovna (1903-89), the Russian poetess, the playwright, a translator. Verses for children - collections "Autumn" (1936), "Reflections of a lightbeam" (1946), " Autumn we shall ask " (1956), " Wonderful hours " (1976), " Fly away - have taken the flight " (1982), "Alyonushka" (1986), etc. Plays: " the Parsley on a roof{cover} " (1942), " is Higher than friendship - the happiness no " (1980), etc.

The BLESSING, in philosophy - that implies fixed positive sense. "Highest good" (the term is entered Aristotelem, an armour. summum bonum) - depending on that in philosophical doctrines correlative value of all other blessings was determined: beatificate, "evdemonija" in ancient greek ethics, Unified - for Platona and in neoplatonizme, the god in medieval scholasticism. With kon. 19 century concept the blessing are driven out by concept of value. In more fine-bored sense the blessing in ethics - a synonym of goods.

BLAGOVERNYE, in the Orthodox church category{discharge} sacred from governors (tsars or princes), become famous for godliness and contributing strengthening of orthodox belief.

RINGING OF CHURCH BELLS, the celebratory church bell-ringing committed by one alloying basket.

ANNUNCIATION, one of religious dvunadesjatyh holidays, it is connected to the Christian legend about angel Gabriel who has announced the future birth by maiden Maria Iisusa Hrista. It is marked by believers on March, 25 (on April, 7).

BLAGOVESHCHENSK, city (with 1858) in the Russian Federation, the centre of the Amurense region, a port on r. Amur, at a lockin r. Zeya. A depot. 241 thousand inhabitants (1992). A machine industry (manufacture of the equipment for ore mining and a gold-mining industry; ship-building and other factories; manufacture of electric appliances, etc.), wood-working, mild, a food-processing industry. 4 high schools. 2 theatres. A study of local lore museum. It is based in 1856 as Ust-Zejsky a military post{station}.

BLAGOVESHCHENSK, city (with 1941) in the Russian Federation, Bashkiria, landing stage on r. White. 28,2 thousand inhabitants (1992). Reinforcing, it wire - gvozdilnyj factories, etc. It is based in 1756.

The BLAGOVESHCHENSK Vasily Timofeevich (1801-64), the Russian publicist, the critic of a serfdom in Estonia. The main{basic} transactionses - " the Estonian and his{its} mister ".

BLAGOVO Dmitry Dmitrievich (in monasticism Pimen) (1827-97), archimandrite Tolgskogo of a monastery, the prior of Russian ambassadorial church in Rome. The writer of the book " Stories of the grandmother " (1878-80), tongue of the family legend narrating about a household activities and crop of Russia 18 - 1-st floor. 19 centuries. The collection " Spiritual poems " (1875). Compositions on a history of Russian orthodox church.

GRATEFUL, city (with 1971) in the Russian Federation, Stavropol kr. A depot. 29,9 thousand inhabitants (1992). A flavoring industry.