BOLTSMAN (Boltzmann) Ludwig (1844-1906), Austrian physics, one of osnovatelej a statistical physics and a physical kinetics, foreign corresponding member Petersburg AN (1899). Has introduced the distribution function called as his{its} name, and the main{basic} rate equation of gases. Has given (1872) statistical validity of the second law of thermodynamics. Has introduced one of laws of a heat radiation (the law of the Stefan - Boltzmann).

BOLTSMANA the STATIONARY VALUE, a physical constant k, equal to attitude{relation} of generalpurpose gas constant R to Avogadro number NA: k = R/NA = 1,3807.10-23 Dzh/K. It is called named L.Boltsmana.

BOLTSMANA STATISTICS, a statistical method of the description of ideal gas in a condition of a thermodynamic equilibrium for the particles driving under laws of classical mechanics.

BOLSHAKOV Vladimir Nikolaevich (r. 1934), the Russian ecologist, teriolog, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1987). Probes in range population and evolutionary ecology of mammals.

BOLSHAKOV Gennady Fedorovich (1932-89), the Russian chemist, corresponding member AN the USSR (1981). The main{basic} transactionses are dedicated development of high-energy liquid fuels, fuel dopes, quick tests of an automatic check of quality of petroleum.

BOLSHAKOV Cyril Andreevich (r. 1906), the Russian chemist - neorganik, one of osnovatelej the Soviet industry of infrequent elements, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; corresponding member AN the USSR with 1958). The main{basic} transactionses on the physico-chemical bases{fundamentals} of extraction and clearing rare earth and trace elements. State premiums of the USSR (1941, 1953).

The MAJOR GUILD, the privileged class association of large merchants and landholders (preim. Germans) in it is grey. 14-19 centuries in cities of Baltic (Thalline, Riga, Tartu, etc.).

MAJOR VALLEY (Great Valley), system of longitudinal valleys, disjointed short hrebtami (an altitude up to 1500 ì) in JUzh. Appalachian mountains (USA). Length of 950 kms. Width of 40-60 kms. An affluent farming area (wheat, corn; a large horned stock).

MAJOR ZASECHNAJA FEATURE, a defensive line on austral surburb of Russian state in 16 century from Ryazan up to Tula. In 17 century it is substituted by the Belgorod feature.

MAJOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT), integrated circuit with a large-scale of integration (the figure of elements in her reaches 104), used in electronic package as functionly concluded unit of devices of computer facilities, automatics, a measurement technology, etc.

" The MAJOR CHINESE ENCYCLOPEDIA "; publishing house, Peking. It is based in 1978. Issues the like generalpurpose encyclopedia constructed by a theme principle (with 1979; to nach. 90th have quitted ok. 40 volumes from scheduled 80), other reference and popular scientific literature. Has emited in transfer{translation} on the Chinese tongue " the Soviet encyclopaedic dictionary " (1987). Branch in shanghai.

MAJOR LIAHVI, the river in Georgia, the left-handed in-leak{influx} of the Hen. 115 kms, the area of basin 2311 êì2. Average discharge of water 26 m3 / with. Driveable.

MAJOR SHE-BEAR (an armour. Ursa Major), mia maid of Boreal hemisphere in which secrete group of 7 asters - the Major ladle; the mean aster of the handle of a ladle calls Mitsar, near to her weak aster Alkor is located.

MAJOR OPERA, 1) multievent opera... 2) the Opera genre which has been usual in France in 20th of 19 century; differs monumentalism, dramatic nature, heroic fervor, romantic beauty, decorative effect, use of a major orchestra and chorus, inclusion of ballet numbers. Major operas formed primarily on historical scenes. The most outstanding representative of major opera - Dzh. Mejerber.

MAJOR HORDE, the tatar state in 1433-1502 in the Sowing. Black Sea Coast and N.Povolzhje. It was secured{discharged} from Golden Horde. It is routed Crimean hanstvom.

MAJOR PANDA, the same, that a giant panda.

MAJOR SAND DESERT (Great Sandy Desert), in northwest of Australia. 360 thousand êì2. A mean altitude of 400-500 m. Prevail{dominate} grjadovye sands (a mean altitude of patches up to 15 ì), disjointed glinisto-saline plains. One of the most hot places of mainland (mean summer temperature up to 30 °C). A rainfall from 200 up to 450 mm annually. Derninnyj a cereal spinifeks, acacias and stunted eucalyptuses. National park Rudalp-River.