The COURSE OF EXCHANGE, the price (quotation) of monetary unit of one country, expressed in monetary unit of other country. Currency attitudes of economically developed countries are based to the "swimming" courses of exchange dependent on a supply and demand on national currencies in the conforming markets.

EXCHANGE MARKET, set of supplies and demands on currencies. Participants of an exchange market: banks, enterprises - exporters and importers, investors, central banks, brokerage offices, etc. financial institutions. Oposreduet international payments.

VALJUSHKIS Gediminas (r. 1927), the Lithuanian architect, the deserved architect of Lithuania (1977). Residential district Lazdinaj in Vilnius (1965-66, 1969-73, with co-authors). The lenin premium (1974).

VAMPILOV Alexander Valentinovich (1937-72), the Russian playwright. Ostrokonfliktnye moral - psychologic plays: " the Higher son ", " Utinaja a hunt " (both 1970), " in the Past summer in CHulimske " (1972), satirical plays.

VAMPIRES (desmodovye), a set of bats. Length of a body 6,5-9 see 3 kinds, in tropics and subtropics of America. Eat only fresh blood of mammals and birds. As vampires call also representatives of some other sets of bats, napr. False vampires.

VAMPU SCHOOL, see. Huanpu school.

" VAMPUKA... ", an opera - parody ridiculing conditionalities and decayed traditions in opera performances. Music of the conductor and composer V.G.Erenberga on the text of the play " Vampuka, princess African " M.N.Volkonsky. It is put in Saint Petersburg in 1909. The title "vampuka" is routinely used as notation of all synthetic, stilted in theatrical performances.

VAMPUM (from indejsk. wampumpeag - filaments with the shells strung on them), a means of reminder and messaging for American Indian nations the Sowing. America. The content of the report expressed colour, quantity and interposition of shells.

VAN, city on the orient Turkey, on eastern coast an eskar. Van, an administrative centre ilja Van. 153 thousand inhabitants (1990). Flour-milling, a cement industry. Has arisen in 1-st millenary up to n. e. As drevnearmjansky city, till 6 century up to n. e. - Tushpa which was capital of the state Urartu. In 11 century it is seized by Byzantium, in 17 century - Turks.

VAN (Van), drainless brine lake on the orient Turkey. 1720 m are located on the Armenian mountains at the altitude. Ok. 3,7 thousand êì2, depth up to 145 m. For coasts of Van - burning mountains Sjuphan and Nemrut. Fishery, salt production, navigation (a train ferry on a line Ankara - Tabriz).

VAN, title of governors of the states and principalities in China and Korea in antiquities and Middle Ages.

VAN PROPADIENE (Van Allen) James Alfred (r. 1914), American astrophysicses. In the capacity of the main explorer of the space program which are carried out on an artificial satellite of the Earth "Explorer - 1", has found (1958) charged particles of high energy which are generatrix radiation belts around of the Earth (" belts Van Allen ").

VAN ANSHI (1021-86), the Chinese reformer; in 1070-74 and 1075-76 first minister. Has entered system of state loans to peasants, has substituted hired army the army completed by a way rekrutskogo of a panel, attempted to adjust market prices. The large part of reforms has been cancelled in 1085.

VAN BASTEN (Van Basten) Marko (r. 1965), the Netherlands football player. The champion of Europe 1988. The owner of the Cup of European champions (1989, 1990) in structure of a command "Milan" (Italy), the owner of the Cup of Cups (1987) in structure of a command "Ajax" (Netherlands). It adjudicated by the best football player of Europe (1988, 1990, 1992)

VAN is BORED (Va Buren) Martin (1782-1862), 8-th president the USA (1837-41), from Democratic party. In 1829 state secretary, in 1833-37 vice-president.

VAN VEJ (699 or 701-759 or 761), the Chinese painter and the poet. The founder of the Chinese monochrome landscape painting using tone capabilities of carcass. In lyrical landscapes created raised generalized modes of a nature. In verses marked hardly perceptible paints and shades of a nature. Social motives has expressed in dreams of the theoretical state.

VAN GOVEJ (1877-1927), the Chinese historian and the philologist. Transactionses on drevnekitajskoj epigrafike, etc.

VAN GOG (van Gogh) Vinsent (1853-90), the Netherlands painter, the representative of postimpressionism. Passion emotionality, ostrodramaticheskoe the perception of life, the social protest, inherent in art Van Gog, expressed him in 1-st floor. 80th in products, mellow in a gloomy gamma, proniknutyh condoling for people of transactionses; with 1888 created tragical modes in painful - case-hardened, extreme ekspressivnoj to a manner constructed on contrasts of colour, a choppy rhythm, on loose dynamics of pastose Unguentum (" Night cafe ", 1888; " the Landscape in Overe after a rain ", 1890).

VAN RUN (877-943), the first governor (van) in 918-943 Korean states to the Bark.