EXCHANGE COMMITTEES in Russia, about 1816 stationary values elected bodies at exchanges, one of forms of " representative organizations " bourgeoisies. To 1917 - 101 exchange committee. After February revolution have come in the All-Russia commercial and industrial union.

EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS, cash at which transfer of stock, the goods and payment of money are committed at once or in the nearest 2-3 days, and urgent at which these operations are committed through fixed time (routinely within the limits of a month). See. Deport, the Carryover.

BIRZE (Birze) (an ice-film. fam. Berzinsh) Miervaldis (r. 1921), the Latvian writer. In 1941-45 prisoner of german concentration camp. The anti-fascist story " And podo ice the river flows " (1957), the satirical story " the Pink elephant " (1976), the collection of stories " On coasts of two seas " (1978), memoirs " Memories, memories... " (1968), " With crane birds a wedge " (1984), plays.

BIRZULA, the title Kotovsk up to 1935.

BIRINGUCHCHO (Biringuccio) Vannochcho (1480-1539), the italian engineer and the scientist. Main transactionses " About ordnance " (1540) - the peculiar technical encyclopedia of that time.

BIRICH (birjuch), in Other. Russia the mouthpiece declaring on the areas will of prince, the mate of prince on judicial and diplomatic affairs.

The TAG (Birka), the trading - craft centre of epoch of vikings (ok. 800-975) on about. Bjerke (an eskar. Melaren, Sweden). Residues of a settlement, the burial with truposozhzhenijami and affluent trupopolozhenijami under tumuluses.

BIRKHOFF (Birkhof) (Birkhoff) George Dejvid (1884-1944), the American mathematician. Transactionses under the theory of dynamic systems, topologies.

BIRKEBEJNERY (characters. - berezovonogie, lapotniki), participants of civil wars in Norway in 2-nd floor. 12 - nach. 13 centuries, primarily the impoverished bonds (but in part and large proprietors). In 1184 Sverrir, headed motion, has divided military forces of opponents birkebejnerov - large landowners, the maximum clergy and their protege - king Magnusa Erlingsona and has become king. Many birkebejnery turned into royal sluzhilyh people.

"BIRLA" (Birla), indian financial and industrial group. Has arisen in it is grey. 19 century as the credit and financial company. The basis of its activity - a light industry, and also nonferrous machine industry, automotive industry, electrical industry, trade, etc. (all over 50 branches). General assets of the main company 4,1 billion dol., sales 3,8 billion dol., the gross profit 111 million dol. (kon. 1980th).

BURMA, the title of the state Myanma up to 1989.

BIRMAN (Biermann) Ludwig Frants Benedikt (r. 1907), the german astronomer. First has constructed theoretical models of a convection in asters (1930th), has predicted existence of a permanent corpuscular torrent from the Sun (solar wind) and an extended hydrogenous environment around of a head of comets (1964).

BIRMAN Seraphim Germanovna (1890-1976), an actress and the producer, the national actress of Russia (1946). With 1911 in Moskovsk Art theatre, then in Moskovsk Art Academic theatre of 2-nd, in 1938-58 in Moskovsk theatre him. Lenin Komsomol, with 1959 at Theatre him. Mossoveta. It was taken out in films " Ivan Terrible ", etc. The State premium of the USSR (1946).

BURMA TONGUE, the official language of Myanma (. Burma). Falls into to the sino-Tibetan family of tongues. In the basis of the Burma alphabet one of kinds of the southern - indian letter.

BIRMINGHAM (Birmingham), city in the Great Britain, an administrative centre metropolitenskogo counties West Midlandss. 2,3 million inhabitants (1992). A machine industry and metal working, metallurgy, chemical and rubber industry. Universities. Has arisen in first eyelid. n. e.

BIRMINGHAM, city in a southeast the USA, pieces. Alabama. 266 thousand inhabitants (1990). A port on a shipping canal, coherent with r. Blek-Uorrior. Iron and steel industry, a machine industry, chemical, flavoring, polygraphic, furniture, etc. an industry. 2 universities. It is based in 1871.

BIRMINGHAM, the oldest iron-producing area in the USA (pieces. Alabama). Sedimentary deposits (oolitic and residual hematite ores). Common stocks over 2 billion t ore; keeping Fe 23-45 % (primary ore), 38-56 % (efflorescent ores). Center of production - Birmingham.

BIRNBAUM Ernest Karlovich (1894-1965), the Russian aeronaut. In 1929-30 chief of Aeronautic school Osoaviahima in Moscow. During Great Domestic war the division commander of barrage balloons in Moscow.