LUXEMBOURG, the title of. Bolnisi in Georgia in 1921-43.

LUXEMBOURG (a nem. Luxemburger), a dynasty of emperors of " Sacred Roman empire " in 1308-1437 (with rests), taken also Czech (1310-1437) and the Hungarian (1387-1437) holy tables.

The LUXEMBOURG COMMISSION (" the Governmental commission for workers "), is established in France after February revolution by 1848 Providing government, should develop measures on improvement of a rule of working class. Sat in Paris in the Luxembourg palace in March - May 1848, not having accepted any solutions (her called "govorilnej"). Headed luxembourg commission Lui Blan.

LJUKSEMBURZHTSY, people, the main population of Luxembourg. Live also in Italy, Germany and France. An aggregate number of 285 thousand person (1992). Roman catholics believing main, are protesters.

LUXIMETER (from an armour. lux - light and... Meter), a gauge meter of illuminating intensity, one of kinds of photometers. The elementary luximeter will consist of a photo cell and the microammeter prograduated in luxs.

LUX - SEC, unit of a light exposition (quantity of illumination) of a SI; it is meant lk.s. 1 lk·s = 10-4 fot·s.

LJULLI (Lully) Jean Batist (1632-87), the French composer. By origin the Italian. The founder of the French opera school. Has created classical phylums of lyrical tragedy ("Altsesta", 1674; "Tezej", 1675) and the French opera overture. Music to Moliere comedies.

LJULEV Lion Veniaminovich (1908-85), the Russian scientist and the designer, Dr.Sci.Tech., doubly the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1966, 1985). The lenin premium (1967), the State premium of the USSR (1948, 1977).

SWING BOLSTER Arhip Mihajlovich (1908-84), the Russian designer of aero-engines, academician AN the USSR (1968), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1957). Under a guiding of the Swing bolster the first Soviet turbojet (1947) is built. The lenin premium (1976), the State premium of the USSR (1948, 1951).

LUMEN (from an armour. lumen - light), unit of a luminous flux of a SI; lm is meant. 1 lm - a luminous flux released by a point source in solid angle 1 sr at light intensity 1 candela.

The LUMENMETER (from an armour. lumen - light and... Meter) (the photometer integrant), a gauge meter of a luminous flux. It is based on comparison of the given luminous flux with known. It is calibrated in lumens in 1 seconds.

LUMEN-SECOND, unit of a light energy of a SI; the lm / seconds 1 lm / with - a light energy conforming to a luminous flux 1 lm, radiated or accepted during 1 seconds is meant.

LJUMET (Lumet) Sydney (r. 1924), the American actor and the film director. Appeared on stage about 4 flying. Worked on a television, with 1951 creator t. n. " Golden era of a TV movie ". In 1957 debuted in " major kino " film " 12 angry men ". Works in different genres, consolidated steep social - psychologic dramatic nature ("Television network", 1976; " Prince of city ", 1981; "Verdict", 1982; "Daniel", 1983; " For a following morning ", 1986, etc.).

LUMINESCENCE FLAW DETECTION, method of a capillary non-destructive testing, founded on penetration into surface macrodefects of special tracer materials (penetrantov) which structure includes luminophores.

The FLUORESCENT LAMP, discharge light source of a low pressure, which luminous flux is determined basically by a luminescence of luminophores under influence of a ultraviolet radiation of electric discharge. A luminance factor up to 85 lm / VT, life cycle more than 104 hours. Are applied primarily for general and local lighting.

FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS, chemical analysis of substance on character of his luminescence. The quantitative fluorescence analysis effect on intensity of lines in a luminescent spectrum, quality - by the form its spectrum. To fluorescence analysis attribute also the varietal analysis, permitting to distinguish outwardly similar objects (napr., cancer cells from able-bodied) on character of their luminescence.

LUMINESCENCE (from an armour. lumen, a genitive epizooty luminis - light and-escent - the suffix meaning weak action), a luminescence of substances, exuberant above their heat radiation at the given temperature and exited any energy sources. Arises under action of light, radioactive and x-ray radiances, an electric field, at chemical changes and at mechanic influences. Examples of a luminescence - a luminescence of a decaying tree, some hexapods, a screen of the television receiver. On the mechanism distinguish reverberatory, spontaneous, enforced and recombination luminescence, on duration - a fluorescence (a short-lived luminescence) and a phosphorescence (the long-lived luminescence).

LUMINOPHORES (from an armour. lumen - light and grech. phoros - bearing), organic and the inorganic matters, capable to glow (to luminesce) under action of external factors (see. A luminescence). The major kind of luminophores - crystalline phosphors. Luminophores use in fluorescence analysis, manufacture of luminescent paints, etc.

LJUMPEN-PROLETARIAT (from a nem. Lumpen - a tatter), the term is entered by K.Marksom for notation of the lowest layers of proletariat. Later "ljumpenami" all become to call deklassirovannye layers of the population (the wanderer, poor, criminal elements, etc.). " Ljumpenizatsija societies " increase of a lobe of these layers in the population and means distribution of psychology ljumpenov in conditions of social crisis.

LJUMER Lui Jean (1864-1948), the French inventor; in 1895 with the participation brother Ogjusta (1862-1954) the apparatus for filming and has created projections of " driving photos " - the first fit motion-picture camera to the practical use, received the title of a cinematograph.