VIGNETTING (from frants. vignette - a picture), limitation by diaphragms of a part of a slope light beam in an optical system. The vignetting conducts in fall of an image illumination from the centre to a headland of sight.

VIGNETTE (frants. vignette), a dressing in the book or manuscripts: small drawing or a decorative pattern in the beginning or at the end of the text.

VINI (Vigny) Alfred Victor de (1797 - 1863), the French writer - romantik. In poems "Eloa" (1824), "Moseses" (1826), "Deluge" (1826) - antheming of theoretical love, travails of the disappointed hero; bogoborcheskie motives. In psychologic drama "CHatterton" (1835), a poem " Mors of the wolf " (1843) - tragical loneliness selected a shower in the world not perceiving them " trite crowd ". Verses. The book " the Diary of the poet " (it is published in 1867).

VINOLA (Vignola) (an ice-film. fam. Barotstsi, Barozzi) Dzhakomo yes (1507-73), the italian architect. Palaces (Farneze in Kaprarole, 1558-73), country houses (dads Julia III in Rome, 1550-55), churches (Il Dzhezu in Rome, 1568-84) combine principles of the architecture of Revitalization with elements of Baroque and a classicism. The theorist of the architecture (" the Rule of five warrants of the architecture ", 1562).

VINJA-DEL-MAR (Vina del Mar), the city and seaport to Chile, are included into agglomeration of Valparaiso. 305 thousand inhabitants (1990). A climatic health resort. Center of tourism. Sugar, textile, chemical, a petroleum industry.

VIOLLE-LE-DJUK (Viollet-le-Duc) Ezhen (1814-79), the French architect, the historian and the theorist of the architecture. The restorer of Gothic cathedrals and the deputies.

VIOLONCELLO (ital. violoncello), a musical instrument skripichnogo sets of the baso-tenor register. Has appeared in 15 - 16 centuries. Classical samples are built by italian masters 17 - 18 centuries: À. And N.Amati, Dzh. Gvarneri, A.Stradivari, etc. The VIOLONCELLO (ital. violoncello), a musical instrument skripichnogo sets of the baso-tenor register. Has appeared in 15 - 16 centuries. Classical samples are built by italian masters 17 - 18 centuries: À. And N.Amati, Dzh. Gvarneri, A.Stradivari, etc.

VIOLJA the CANDLE, unit Violja, obsolete unit of light intensity, equal to the light intensity, radiated 1 sm2 of a surface of solidifying platinum in a direction of a normal to this surface. It is offered French physicist L.Z.Violem (L. J. Violle, 1841-1923) in 1881. The modern unit of light intensity of a SI candela (candle) is peer approximately 1/20 Violja candles.

VIOTTI (Viotti) Giovanni Battista (1755-1824), the italian violinist, the composer. Cable cores in the Great Britain and France (headed "Grandee - opera"). One of creators French skripichnoj schools. 29 concerts for a violin with an orchestra, string quartets, etc.

ASPS, the same, that vipers.

VIPPER Boris Robertovich (1888-1967), the Russian historian of art, the museum figure, corresponding member AH the USSR (1962). Son R.J.Vippera. Transactionses contain the analysis and generalization of problems of the theory and a history of art (predominary Western-European 16-18 centuries and Russian 18 century).

VIPPER Robert Jurjevich (1859-1954), the Russian historian, academician AN the USSR (1943). Transactionses on a history from antiquity up to a modernity. The writer of tutorials on a history for mean and a higher school.

VIPPER Jury Borisovich (1916-91), the Russian literary critic, academician AN the USSR (1987). Son B.R.Vippera. Transactionses under the French literature (Revitalization, including poetry of the Pleiad; a classicism, Enlightenment, critical realism).

VIRA, in Ancient Russia the fine for the benefit of prince for assassination of the loose person. For a mutilation it was paid poluvirje.

VIRADZH, in vedijskoj and induistskoj mythologies the women godhood, olitsetvorenie creative powers of cosmos.

TURN (frants. virage), 1) turning movement. 2) the Figure of flying - complete turn of a flight vehicle in a horizontal plane. 3) Reagent for toning - metamorphosises of black-and-white photographic plotting in colour monochrome (single-color). See also Staining of photographic plotting.

VIRBALIS (Virbalis) (up to 1917 Verzhbolovo), city in Lithuania, bliz zh.-d. An item. Kibartaj. 1,5 thousand inhabitants (1990). Manufacture of hardware and milk food. It is known with 1593.

VIRGINIUM, Virginia (Virginia), staff on the orient the USA. 105,7 thousand êì2. The population 6,5 million person (1993). Adm. ts. - Richmond.

VIRGIN ISLANDS (Virgin Islands), group of small-sized islands in West Indies. Possession of the Great Britain [153,4 êì2, the population of 13 thousand person (1987); adm. ts. - Road Town] and the USA [355 êì2, 104 thousand person (1984); adm. ts. - Charlotte - Amalia].