" VIRTUOSOES of MOSCOW ", a chamber orchestra. It is built in 1979 in Moscow. The artistic administrator and the conductor - V.T.Spivakov. In repertoir - products Western-European and Russian klassikov, the modern composers.

VIRTUS (an armour. Virtus - valour), in Roman mythology the goddess, personification of valour, military bravery and the civil duty.

VIRULENCE (from an armour. virulentus - toxicant), a degree of pathogenecity (pathogenicity) of the given microorganism. Depends on zymotic properties of the agent and from a receptivity of an infected organism. Synthetic change of a virulence of microbes is applied at obtaining vaccines.

VIRUMAA (Virumaa) (Virlandija, Vironija, Virujany), drevneestonskaja maakond (ground) on north-east of the modern Estonia with cities Narva and Rakvere. In 13 century it is seized by Denmark, in 1346 it is conceded Livonskomu to order, with 1561 - in structure of Sweden, part Estljandii. In structure of the Russian state with 1710; later - Vezenbergsky for. Estljandskoj lips.

VIRUNGA (. Kivu), national park in Zaire (809 thousand ga) and Ruanda (23 thousand ga). It is based to 1925. Savannahs, tropical mountain and gallery forests. A mountain gorilla, the elephant, the river horse, a water buffalo, antelopes.

VIROLOGY INSTITUTE him. D.I.Ivanovskogo Russian AMN, is based in 1946 (the modern title with 1950) in Moscow. Probes on general and a molecular biology of viruses, virus diseases.

VIROLOGY (from viruses and... logija), science about viruses. The general virology studies a nature of viruses, their structure, reproduction, biochemistry, genetics. The medical, veterinary and agricultural virology investigates pathogenic viruses, their zymotic properties, develops measures of the warning, diagnosis and treatment of diseases called by them. The section of a virology investigator hereditary properties of viruses, is closely related with a molecular genetics.

CARRIAGE OF VIRUS, see. Bakterionositelstvo and a carriage of virus.

VIRUSES (from an armour. virus - a poison), the smallest noncellular particles consisting of nucleic acid (DNK or RNK) and a proteinaceous environment (capsid). The form rhabdoid, orbicular, etc. The Dimension 15 - 350 nm and more. Are open (viruses of a tobacco mosaic) by D.I.Ivanovskim in 1892. Viruses - intracellular parasites: being multiplied only in living cells, they use their enzymatic apparatus and relay a cell to synthesis of mature virus particles - virions. Are distributed everywhere. Invoke blights, animal and the person. Sharply differing from all other forms of life, viruses, similarly to other organisms, are capable to evolution. Sometimes them secrete in a special kingdom of wildlife. Viruses are widely applied in activities on genetic engineering, a carcinogenesis. Viruses of bacteria (bacteriophages) - classical object of a molecular biology.

VIRHOV (Virchow) Rudolf (1821-1902), the german pathologist, foreign corresponding member Petersburg AN (1881). Has put forward the theory tselljuljarnoj a pathology, according to which pathological process - the sum of violations of vital activity of separate cells. Has described patomorfologiju and has explained a pathogeny of the main obshchepatologicheskih processes. One of osnovatelej (1861) and leaders of a german incentive consignment, with 1884 - Consignments latitudinarian.

VERSES (polsk. wierszy, from an armour. versus - a verse), 1) in 16-18 centuries the title of any verses (especially for reading, instead of for singing). 2) In the latest time - the pejorative title of verses (it is routine the poor).

VISAJJA (bisajja), people on Philippines. Number 26,75 million person (1992). Tongue visajja. Roman catholics believing main, the part holds on to traditional convictions.

WIESBADEN (Wiesbaden), city in Germany, a port on Rhein, an administrative centre of ground Giessen. 264 thousand inhabitants (1992). A machine industry, himiko-pharmaceutical, polygraphic, cement, a food-processing industry. Balneoklimatichesky a health resort.

VISENTE (Visenti) (Vicente) (ok. 1470 - ok. 1536), the Portuguese poet, wrote in Spanish. The representative of Revitalization. The founder of the Portuguese theatre. Plays " Auto about visitation, or the Monologue of the shepherd " (1502), " Fars about Ines Pereira " (1523), " the Priest from Beira " (1526) are directed against social faults and church.

VISIMSKY RESERVATION, in the Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg region, on Mean Ural. Existed in 1946-51, it is again open in 1971. The area 13750 ga. A mountain taiga. Elovo-firry and derivative berezovo-spruce, berezovo-piny and birch forests. The moose, a brown bear, a marten, protein, etc., meet an otter, a beaver, a mink; a lag bolt, a hazel grouse.

VISKASHA (viskacha), mammalian a rodentia. Length of a body up to 66 sm, a tail up to 20 see. Dwells in pampas of Argentina and in the south of Paraguay. Object of a hunt (meat, an abrasive paper).

WHISKY (English whiskey, whisky), an alcoholic beverage (40-50 volumetric % of spirit), received by distillation of the overfermented must prepared from a dry barley malt, neigh or corn.

VISKOVATOV Alexander Vasiljevich (1804-58), the Russian military historian. The writer " the Historical description of clothes and arms of the Russian troops " (2 izd., t. 1-34, 1899-1948) and " Chronicles of the Russian army " (t. 1-20, 1834-42).

VISKOVATOV Paul Aleksandrovich (1842-1905), the Russian historian of the literature; it is methodologicalally close to cultural - historical school. Son A.V.Viskovatova. Monographics probe " M.J.Lermontov. Life and creativity " (1891).

VISKOVATYJ Ivan Mihajlovich (?-1570), the Russian diplomat, dumnyj the clerk, the printer (with 1561). The first chief of the Ambassadorial order, more than 20 flying supervised over foreign policy of Russia. Within oprichniny has been accused of change, it is executed.