VULCANIZATE, the same, that gum.

VULCANIZATION, metamorphosis of rubber into the gum, carried out including t. n. Curing agents (napr., sulfur, organic peroxide compounds, some synthetic resins) or under action of ionizing radiation. As a result of a vulcanization toughness, hardness, elasticity are increased, is warm also frost resistance of rubber, his dissolubility in organic solvents is sinked.

VOLCANISM, set of the phenomena stipulated by penetration of a magma from depths of the Earth on its surface.

VOLCANIC SIERRA (Pacific Kordiljera), a circuit of the volcanic cones, extended along the Pacific shore Center. America. Active volcanoes: Tajumulco (4217 m, a peak level Center. America) in Guatemala, Santa Ana, Izalco (El Salvador), Irazu (Costa Rica), etc.

VOLCANIC CHARGES, the tear-out of the cooled down lava dumped at eruption of burning mountains in fluid or plastic condition and accepting spherical, spindle-shaped and other forms. A diameter of volcanic charges from several sm up to 5-7 m.

VOLCANIC GASES, the gases secreted with burning mountains both during eruption - eruptivnye, and in the seasons of his hangover activity - fumarolnye. In their structure pairs H2O, H2, HCl, HF, H2S, CO, CO2 are established, etc. Passing through a zone of underground waters, form hot wells.

VOLCANIC ROCKS (vulcanites), the rocks derivated as a result of eruptions of burning mountains. Distinguish given vent, or effusive (basalts, andesites, trahity, liparity, diabases, etc.), vulkanogenno-detrital, or piroklasticheskie (tuffs, volcanic a breccia), volcanic rocks.

VOLCANIC BAY, see. Utiura.

VOLCANIC ASH, product of crushing and dispersion by volcanic explosions of fluid or solid lavas. The dia up to 2 mm will consist of particles of a dust and sand.

VOLCANIC PLATEAU, in a central part Boreal p-va It is new. Zealand. An altitude of 200-700 m. It is combined by covers of lavas, above which huge cones operational and lost volcanoes - Ruapehu (2797 ì), Tongariro, Ngauruhoe, Egmont are hoisted. Geysers, fumaroly, hot mineral sources. Crowded earthquakes. It is a lot of lakes, including the largest in Oceania an eskar. Taupo. National parks - Tongariro, Urevera, Egmont.

VOLCANIC GLASS, the amorphous volcanic rock which is generatrix at fast congelation of a lava. Almost bodily composes volcanic glass, a pitch stone (pehshtejn), nerlit, a pumice, etc.

VULKANOGENNO-SEDIMENTAL, deposits of ores Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, bauxites and the phosphorites, derivated at a deposition of products of volcanic eruptions at the bottom of ancient seas and oceans.

VULKANOGENNO-SEDIMENTAL, the rocks consisting of a volcanic and sedimental material. Among vulkanogenno-sedimentary rocks distinguish tuffs, tuffity, a jasper, some ore gland, manganese, phosphorites, etc.

VOLCANOLOGIES the INSTITUTE (WILLOWS) of the IED of the Russian Academy of Science, is built in 1963 in Petropavlovske-Kamchatka on the basis Laboratories of volcanology AN the USSR (Moscow), Kamchatka vulkanologicheskoj stations, the Kamchatka geologo-geophysical observatory of Siberian branch AN of the USSR and Pauzhetskoj the kontrolno-observation geothermal station. Probes on the modern terraneous and submerged volcanism, a geothermie, the forecast of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. In 1991 from him the Institute vulkanologicheskoj geology and a geochemistry was secured.

VULKANOLOGICHESKOJ GEOLOGY AND the GEOCHEMISTRY the INSTITUTE of the Russian Academy of Science, is built in 1991 in Petropavlovske-Kamchatka on the basis several scientific subdividings of the Volcanology of institute. Probes of material structure of effusive rocks and structures of burning mountains.

VOLCANOLOGY, science about the causes of education of burning mountains, their development, a structure, structure of products of eruptions and regularities of disposition on a surface of the Earth. The first cramps on burning mountains fall into is grey. 1-st thousand up to n. e. See also Paleovulkanologija.

VULLENVEVER (Wullenwever) JUrgen (ok. 1492-1537), the burgher german Lubek; has headed in 1531 tumble, directed against patritsiata, has become (1533) burgomaster. Has conducted in city church reformatsiju. After restoration of an authority patritsiata it is executed.

WOLLONGONG (Wollongong), city in a southeast of Australia, pieces New JUzh. Wales. 238,2 thousand inhabitants (1990). Black and nonferrous machine industry, oil refining, a food-processing industry. Production of mineral coal.

VULMEN (Woolman) John (1720-72), the American priest and the writer. The writer of instructive tracts (including " Some speculations about possession of Negros ", 1754) and pithy "Diary".

VULSI Ò., see T.