VALENCE BAND, best of the allowed Bloch bands of electrons of a solid in which at the temperature of 0 To all energy state are occupied (see. Band theory). At Ò> 0 To generatrix in a valence band of a vacant electron site participate in electric conductivity. Concept of a valence band routinely apply in physics of semiconductors and dielectrics.

VALENCE (from an armour. valentia - force), ability of atom of a chemical element (or nuclear group) to organize fixed figure of chemical bonds with other atoms (or nuclear groups). Instead of valence often use more fine-bored concepts, napr. Oxidation state, a coordination number.

VALER (frants. valeur, characters. - value), in painting and the schedule{chart} shade of the tint expressing (in interrelation with other shades) a fixed ratio of light and a shade. Application of system valerov allows is more thin also the richman to show subjects in svetovozdushnoj to medium.

VALERA Huan (1824-1905), the spanish writer. Psychologic, realistic novels " Pepita Himenes " (1874), " Donja Ljus " (1879), " Illusions of doctor Faustino " (1875). Criticism.

VALERI Pol (1871-1945), the French poet. Essentials of philosophical lyrics (" Juvenile Park ", " the Marine cemetery ", "Charm") - speculations about impotence of reason adequately to perceive a reality and about a nature of creativity. An essay about S.Mallarme, S.Bodlere, etc. Filosoficheskie (in the form dnevnikovyh records) "Writing-books" (t. 1-29, 1894-1945; are issued 1957-61).

VALERIANAS (Valerianus) (193-260), Roman emperor with 253, regulations together with son Gallienom. At a nem there were persecutions of Christians. Has died in a film during war with persians.

VALERIANAS Roman (mind{wit}. ok. 230), the Christian martyr, the marital partner of martyress Kikilii Roman. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on November, 22 (on December, 5), in Roman catholic on April, 14.

VALERIANAS Trapezundsky (mind{wit}. 305), the Christian martyr damaged in persecution of emperor Diokletiana. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on January, 21 (on February, 3).

VALERIANA (valerian), stem of perennial grasses of a set valerian. St. 200 kinds{views}, in Eurasia, JUzh. And the Sowing. To America. Garden heliotrope (an altitude of a stalk up to 2 ì) cultivate for obtaining from roots and rootstocks of abirritating pharmaceuticals.

VALERIANIC ACID, ÑÍ3 (ÑÍ2) 3-ÑÎÎÍ, têèï 185,4 °S; it is contained radically Valerianas. Use in manufacture odorous, medicinal, etc. substances. See also Isopropyl acetic acid.

VALERY Melitinsky (mind{wit}. 298), one of thirty three Christian martyrs - soldiers, postradavshchih in the Melitin in persecution of emperor Diokletiana. Memory{remembrance} in the Orthodox church on November, 7 (20).

VALERY Sevastijsky (mind{wit}. ok. 320), one of a magpie sevastijskih martyrs.

FELL, in the Scandinavian mythology one of gods - aces, son Odina and Rind, the brave soldier, the avenger for death Baldra.

VALIEV Kamil Ahmetovich (r. 1931), Russian physics, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1984). The main{basic} transactionses on physicotechnological problems of microelectronics, solid-state physics and liquids. Under Valiev guiding the major nomenclature of integrated circuits is built. The lenin premium (1974).

VALIESARSKY the AGREEMENT, for armistice between Russia and Sweden, has finished the russko-Swedish war 1656-58 (20.12.1658, d. Valiesar, bliz Narva). To Russia headed out Kokengauzen, JUrjev, Marienburg, Syrensk.

VALIHANOV CHokan CHingisovich (1835-1865), the Kazakh educator, the traveller, the ethnographer, the specialist in folklore, the explorer of a history and crop of peoples Compare. Asia, Kazakhstan and Zap. China ("Kirghiz", 1858; " Sketches of Dzungaria ", 1861); sustained close connections with Russian democratic intelligency. The writer of heavy drawings and water colours.

It is SHAKY, city in Russian empire. It is known from 13 century. Till 17 century - Peddel. In 1920 it separate into cities Valga (nowadays in Estonia) and the Cutting (in Latvia).

The Russian historian, arheograf, the doctor of historical sciences, the professor is SHAKY Sigizmund Natanovich (1887-1975). Transactionses and publications on a history of public idea and revolutionary movement in Russia, historiography, a source study.

CUTTING, (Valka), city in Latvia, bliz zh.-d. An item. Valga. 8,2 thousand inhabitants (1990). Wood-working and a light industry. A study of local lore museum. It is known from 13 century. Borders on to. Valga (Estonia) with which up to 1920 compounded{made} one city - It is shaky.

ROLLS, city on Ukraine, the Kharkov region, bliz zh.-d. An item. Kovjagi. 11,0 thousand inhabitants (1991). Manufacture of furniture, a building materials; a clothing factory. It is based in 1646 as strength, city with 1780.