VERNIKOV Jacob Iljich (r. 1920), the Russian pilot. The deserved pilot - verifier of the USSR (1960), the general - major of aircraft (1971), the Hero of Soviet Union (1944). Tests of reactive fighters for spin, heavy airplanes on critical conditions of flight. First has reached{achieved} a supersonic speed in a level flight.

OPENING DAY (frants. vernissage, characters. - lacquered), solemn discovering of an exhibition. The title descends from custom to varnish patterns before discovering of an exhibition.

VERNOV Sergey Nikolaevich (1910-82), Russian physics, academician AN the USSR (1968), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1980). Probeed ultrarays in high layers of an atmosphere and outside of her{it}. The participant of discovering of an external radiation belt of the Earth. The lenin premium (1960), the State premium of the USSR (1949).

VALID, the title of. Alma-ata (nowadays capital of Kazakhstan) up to 1921.

VERNIER, the obsolete title of a vernier.

VERONA (Verona), city in the Sowing. Italy, in region. Venice, an administrative centre prov. Verona. 259 thousand inhabitants (1991). A traffic centre on approaches to Brenner pass in the Alpes. Metallurgy, a machine industry, chemical, mild, wood-working, a food-processing industry. University. Romanesque church Dignity - Dzeno Madzhore (5-12 centuries) and Pallatstso del Komune (it is initiated in 12 century); Gothic Palaces del Governo (12-13 centuries) and clasp Kastelvekkjo (14 century) with bridge Skaligerov.

VERONESE (Veronese) (an ice-film. A name of Cagliari, Caliari) Paolo (1528-88), the italian painter of Renaissance. The representative of the venetian school. Celebratory, society patterns on spirit, a panel, paintings of Veronese differ organic communication{connection} with the architecture, scope{span} of a composition, refinement of silvery colour (a fresco of country house Barbaro-Volpi in Mather, ok. 1561, " Spoilage in Cana ", 1563).

SPEEDWELL, stem of plants (predominary grasses) sets of a figwort family. Ok. 250 kinds{views}, primarily in moderate and cool belts of Boreal hemisphere; over 100 views on of terrain of the Russian Federation, in Compare. Asia, on Caucasus. Some kinds{views} are decorative.

PROBABILITIES the THEORY, section of mathematics in which under data to probabilities of one random events find probabilities of other events, the bound somehow with first. The theory of probabilities studies also random values and stochastic processes. One of primal problems of a theory of probabilities will consist in making out of the regularities originating at interaction of major figure of random factors (see. Major figures the law). The mathematical apparatus of a theory of probabilities is used at study of the mass phenomena in science and technique. Methods of a theory of probabilities play the important role at machining statistical data. See also Mathematical statistics.

The PROBABILISTIC AUTOMATIC CONTROL UNIT, the device (system) automatically changing the condition depending on sequence of the previous conditions and random input signals. The probabilistic automatic control unit use at simulation of complex processes, napr. Automatic control systems a traffic circulation on a crossroad of two streets.

PROBABILISTIC PROCESS, the same, that a stochastic process.

The PROBABILITY, in mathematics - the numerical characteristics of a degree of a capability of occurrence{appearance} of any random event at those or others fixed, able to be retried a unlimited number of times conditions (see. Probabilities the theory).

PROBABILITY THERMODYNAMIC, figure, proportional to quantity of physically discernible microscopic conditions by which the given macroscopic system condition can be realized. Napr., the condition of gas with fixed power can be realized by flock of the ways discriminating with a partition of energy between particles.

VERRI (Verri) Pjetro (1728-97), the italian educator. In 60-80-Õ promoted antifeudal reforms in Lombardy. Main transactionses " Speculations about political economy ".

VERRO, the title of. Vyru in Estonia up to 1917.

VERROKKO (Verrocchio) (an ice-film. A name di Mikele CHoni, di Michele Cioni) Andrea del (1435 or 1436-88), the italian sculptor, the painter, the jeweller. The representative florentinskoj schools of Early Revitalization. Combined realistic finding actions with attenuatous aristocratism (a statue "David", 1473-75, a monument kondotjeru Kolleoni in Venice, 1479-88, " epiphany of the Christ ", ok. 1470, together with Leonardo yes Vinci).

The VERSAILLES PEACE TREATY 1783, is signed the USA and their allies - by France, Spain, Netherlands, on the one hand, and the Great Britain - with other; has finished War for independence in Boreal America 1775-83. Great Britain has recognized independence and the sovereignty the USA.

The VERSAILLES PEACE TREATY 1919, the agreement which has finished 1-¯ world war. It is signed in Versailles on June, 28 by mandatory powers - winners - the USA, British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, etc., on the one hand, and the defeated Germany - with other. Terms of the contract have been produced on the Parisian nonpredatory conference 1919-20. Under the Versailles peace treaty Germany transmitted to France Alsace and Lorraine (in borders{limits} 1870), Belgium - districts Malmedi and Ejpen, Poland - Poznan, parts of Pomorze, etc. terrain Zap. Prussia; Danzig (Gdansk) has been declared by free city. Memel (Klaipeda) it is transferred{handed} to management of mandatory powers - winners (in February 1923 it is adjoined to Lithuania). A problem on state fitting SHlezviga, austral part Vost. Prussia and the Upper Silesia should be decided by the plebiscite (boreal part SHlezviga has transfered in 1920 to Denmark, a part of the Upper Silesia in 1922 - to Poland; other batable grounds have remained with Germany). The small plot silezskoj terrains headed out to Czechoslovakia. Primordial Polish grounds - on the right to coast of Oder, Nizh. Silesia, a large part of the Upper Silesia, etc. - have remained with Germany. Saar passed on 15 flying under steering of League of the Nations, and then his{its} destiny should be decided by the plebiscite. Germany undertook to respect independence of Austria, recognized independence of Czechoslovakia and Poland. The German part of a left bank of Rhein and a strip of a dextral coast in width of 50 kms were subject to demilitarization. Colonys of Germany have been divided between main mandatory powers - winners. The overland army of Germany has been limited to 100 thousand person, other limitations in arms are established{installed} also. Germany has undertaken to pay reparations. An integral part of the Versailles peace treaty the status of League of the Nations was. The USA did not ratify the Versailles peace treaty and in August 1921 have concluded with Germany the special agreement almost identical to the Versailles peace treaty, but not keeping points about League of the Nations.

VERSALTSY, the title given Parisian kommunarami 1871 government (led by Tjerom), justified in Versailles, and subject to him to a troops. With the help of Prussian interventionists versaltsy have severely suppressed the Commune of Paris.