VOBAN (Vauban) Sebastjan Le Pretr de (1633-1707), the French artificer officer, marshal of France (1703), marquis. Has stated scientific fundamentalses of fortification, has constructed and has rebuilt over 300 strengths, has developed a method of gradual attack of strengths, one of founders of a minno-blasting affair. Compositions on a military engineering and economy.

VOBLA, poluprohodnaja a fish of a set karpovyh. The length up to 35 sm, weighs till 800. Dwells{lives} in the Caspian m. A spawning in the rivers. Object of a craft.

VOBLYJ Konstantin Grigorjevich (1876-1947), the Ukrainian economist, statisticians, ekonomikogeograf, academician AN of Ukraine (1919). The main{basic} transactionses on economic - geografichekomu industrial development of Ukraine and Poland, population shift, internal and export trade, economy of insurance.

VOVENARG (Vauvenargues) the Hatch de Klapje (1715-47), marquis, the French writer, the moralist, friend Voltera. In "Aphorisms" in a balance weight to a pessimistic assessment{evaluation} of the person for F.Laroshfuko attempted to give more positive mode{image} of human passions and acts.

VOVCHOK Marko (an ice-film. A name and fam. Maria Aleksandrovna Vilinskaja-Markovich) (1833-1907), the Ukrainian and Russian writer. Democratic ideas proniknuty collections " the Ukrainian national stories " (t. 1-2, 1858-62), " Stories from a national Russian household activities " (1859); story "Institutka" (1860).

VOSGES (Vosges), mountains on north-east of France. Length of 160 kms. An altitude up to 1423 m. Abruptly terminate to Verhnerejnskoj nizm. A beech family, firry and spruce forests; in valleys - agriculture. National wildlife reserve Markshtejn.

CONCAVITY OF A CURVE, see. Buldge and a concave camber.

VOGULY (vogulichi, gogulichi), the obsolete title mansi.

VOGULSKOE the PRINCIPALITY, see. Pelym.

VOGJUE Ezhen Melkior de (1848-1910), the French writer and the historian of the literature, foreign corresponding member Petersburg AN (1889). The collection of stories " Russian hearts " (1893), dramas from a history of Russia; in the book " the Russian novel " (1886) has discovered to the West-European reader value of Russian classics.

WATER, Í2Î, a liquid inodorous, taste, colour (in heavy films bluish); firmness of 1,000 g / sm3 (3,98 °S), tïë 0 °S, têèï 100 °S. One of the most widespread substances in a nature (the hydrosphere takes 71 % of a surface of the Earth). Water posesses the major role in a geologic history of a planet. Existence of living organisms (ok waterless is impossible. 65 % of a human body are compounded{made} with water). Water - a mandatory component practically all production processes both industrial, and a farm - production. Water special purity is necessary in manufacture of a food stuff and medicine, the off-the-shelf industries (manufacture of semiconductors, luminophores, nuclear technology), in a chemical analysis. Precipitant growth of water consumption and the increased requests to water determine importance of problems of water purification, water reclamation, decontamination and an exhausting of water reservoirs (see. Nature protection).

VODAN (Votan), see. One.

VODGEO, the research institute of water supply, the sanitary piping, hydrotechnical constructions and engineering hydrology, is organized in 1934 in Moscow. Probes and developments on a water economy of an industry and cities.

VAUDEVILLE (frants. vaudeville, from vau de Vire - a valley r. Vir in Normandy where in 15 century have been distributed national pesenki-vodeviry), 1) a kind{view} of "situation comedy" with songs - couplets, romances and dances. Has arisen in France; with nach. 19 century has received the all-European distribution{propagation}. Bloom of Russian vaudeville - 1820 - 40th (A.A.Shahovskoj, D.T.Lensky, P.A.Karatygin, F.A.Koni, N.A.Nekrasov, etc.). Classics of a genre - E.Skrib, E.M.Labish. 2) Final kupletnaja pesenka in a play - vaudeville.

VODZHINIT, a mineral of group tantaloniobatov (That, Nb, Mn, Sn, Fe) 2O8. Red - brown up to black crystals, grains. Hardness 5,5-6; firmness ok. 7,3 g / sm3. Meets in redkometallnyh granite pegmatitah. Ore of tantalum.

VODZISLAV-SLENSKI (Wodzislaw Slaski), city in Poland, in terrain Verhnesilezskogo of a coal-mining district. 112 thousand inhabitants (1990). A coal mining.

VODKA, alcoholic beverage, mix of acceptable alcohol (40-56 volumetric %) with water, treated active charcoal.

VODLOZERO, in a southeast of Karelia. The area 334 êì2, an average depth of 3,1 m. In 1935 Vodlozero it has been transformed{it has been turned into} into water reservoir for flow regulation of rivers Vama and Dry Vodla, escaping of Vodlozera. Fishery.

The WATER-TRANSPORT WORKER (Vodnik) Valentine (1758-1819), the Slovene poet, the educator. The publisher of the first newspaper in Slovene tongue " Ljubljanskie news " (1797-1800). The collection of patriotic verses " Poetic experiences " (1806), " Songs of a national home guard " (1809).

The WATER USE LEGISLATION, complex of the rules of law regulating attitudes{relations}, the bound with use and a water resources protection.