• ARKIN David Efimovich (1899-1957), the Russian critic and the historian of the architecture, graphic and an ornamental art. Probeed aesthetic and engineering philosophies of the modern art crop.
  
• ARKIN Efim Aronovich (1873-1948), the Russian teacher, the full member of NPA of Russia (1947). Transactionses on preschool pedagogics.
  
• ARKOSES (arkose sandstones), detrital, predominary coarse-grained, the rocks of pink or red colour consisting primarily from field spars and crystal and derivated at the expense of destruction of granites and gneises.
  
• ARKOLE (Arcole), settlement in the Sowing. Italy, on the left-handed coast r. Alpone about which 15-17.11.1796, during Bonaparte 1796-97 Italian marching, the French troops under a command of the general of Napoleon Bonaparte have defeated the Austrian army feldtsejhmejstera to J.Alvintsi come with the purpose deblokady deposited Frenchmen of Mantua.
  
• The ARCOLOGY, the architectonic concept, designed P.Soleri, represents synthesis of the architecture and ecology. P.Soleri has offered to decide urbanistic problems of 20 century construction of the vertical megastructures, capable to contain up to three millions inhabitants.
  
• ARKONA (Arkona), city and the religious centre of Baltic slavs of 10-12 centuries on about. Rjugen (Germany). It eroded by Danes in 1169. Residues of sanctuary{holy place} Svjatovita, public and inhabited constructions.
  
• ARKONADA (Arconada) Sesar Munjos (1898-1964), the spanish writer. Novels from country life (" Poor men against richmen ", 1933), verses, stories; the novel " the River of Tagus " (1938) about a civil war in Spain 1936-39, tragedy "Manuela Sanchez" (1949) about the heroine of guerilla motion.
  
• ARKOS (All Russian Cooperative Society Limited, with 1922 - Arcos Ltd), a joint-stock trade society. It is established in 1920 in the London by the Soviet cooperative delegacy, it is registered as private{individual} limited liability company, represented the Soviet foreign trade organizations in a number{series} of foreign countries. Has stopped activity in nach. 2-nd world war.
  
• "ARCTIC REGIONS", atomic-powered icebreaker. It is constructed to 1975 (USSR). Length of 148 m, displacement of 23,4 thousand t, power of a propulsion system 55 MVt. Ministers for wiring courts on Boreal marine ways. The first surface ship which has reached{achieved} in active float a geographycal point of an arctic pole (1977; the chief of expedition T.B.Guzhenko, captain J.S.Kuchiev).
  
• ARCTIC REGIONS (from grech. arktikos - boreal), boreal polar range of the Earth including surburbs of mainlands of Eurasia and the Sowing. America, almost all Sowing. Ledovityj ok. With islands (except for off-shore islands Norway), and also accumbent parts Atlantic and Quiet ok. The austral border{limit} of Arctic regions coincides austral border{limit} of a tundra zone. The area ok. 27 million км2, sometimes Arctic regions limit from the south to Boreal polar circle (66°33 ' seconds sh.); In this case the area 21 million км2. On features of a relief in Arctic regions secrete: a shelf, with islands of a continental origin and accumbent surburbs of mainlands, and the Arctic bass. The range of a shelf is occupied in marginal seas - Barentsevym, White, Karskim, Laptevyh, East - Siberian, Chukchi, the Beaufort, Baffina. A relief dry Arctic regions within the limits of the Russian Federation predominary flat, places, especially on islands, mountainous. A central part - the Arctic bass., range of abyssal hollows (up to 5527 м) and submerged hrebtov. Features of a nature: a low radiation balance, close to 0 °S mean temperatures of air of summer months at negative average annual temperature, existence of icehouses and permafrost, predominance of tundra vegetation and arctic deserts. The sea fauna of Arctic regions actuates ok. 150 kinds{views} of fishes (a salmon family, korjushkovye, treskovye, sigovye, etc.) And 17 kinds{views} of aquatic mammals (whales, seals, sea cows). Terraneous mammals: a white bear, a white fox, a reindeer. Ledovitost marine aquatories ok. 11 million км2 in the winter and ok. 8 million км2 in the summer. A huge role in assimilation of Arctic regions Boreal shipping lane has played.
  
• The ARCTIC LOWLAND, in a north of Alaska (USA), flanges a shore the Sowing. Ledovitogo ok. Width up to 150 kms. It bogged up. Mohovo-lichen tundra. Oil fields and gas (Pradho-Bej).
  
• The ARCTIC STRAIN, enters in major mongoloidnuju strain. Rather dark hair and the eyes, prominent fine-bored naze, dolihokefalija are characteristic. It is distributed on marginal north-east of Asia, the Sowing. America, in Greenland. Representatives of arctic strain - eskimos.
  
• ARCTIC BASIN (Polar basin), abyssal part the Sowing. Ledovitogo ok., restricted from the south an edge{a boundarouse} of a shelf of Eurasia and the Sowing. America. 5,3 million км2. It is dismembered submerged hrebtami Gakkelja, Lomonosov and the Mendeleyev on hollows Nansena, Amundsena, Makarova, Canadian, etc. Drift ice Are characteristic. It is studied basically by drifting stations " arctic poles ".
  
• The ARCTIC GEOSYNCLINAL BELT, environs a hollow the Sowing. Ledovitogo ok. Actuates paleozoic and Mesozoic wrinkled structures the Sowing. Greenland, Canada, north-east of the Russian Federation.
  
• ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC INSTITUTE research, Saint Petersburg. It is based in 1920 as Boreal expedition of the Technological department of the High council of national economy (VSNH); about 1925 Institute on study of the North. The modern title with 1958. Complex{integrated} probes of a nature of Arctic regions and Antarctic Region. Has organized over 1000 expeditions, including a series "arctic pole" and antarctic (with 1958).
  
• ARCTIC BELT, the natural belt of the Earth including a large part of Arctic regions. Overland the zone of arctic deserts enters into the Arctic belt. Starving differ a resistant ice - cover. Border{limit} of the Arctic belt routinely carry out{conduct} on an isotherm 5 °S the warmest month (July or August).
  
• ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC DESERTS of the ZONE, envelop island and continental land of Arctic regions and Antarctic Region (last - with more severe climate). Icehouses, rocky deserts prevail{dominate}; in a plant cover - mosses and crustose lichens.
  
• ARCTIC INSTITUTE of the ISLAND, group of 4 low islands and several sand - bars in Karskom m. Terrain of the Russian Federation. An altitude up to 50 m. Prevail{dominate} arctic tundra.
  
• ARCTIC PLATEAU, submontane plateau in a north of Alaska (USA) for boreal foot hr. The Brooks. Width of 30-120 kms. An altitude of 200-700 m. Tundra. Oil fields (Umiat).
  
• The ARKTOGAEIC REGION (from grech. arktos - a north and ge - ground), a faunal kingdom dry; takes the Sowing. America, Eurasia (without Hindustan and Indochina), the Sowing. Africa (including Sahara). The fauna is defined by a generality of an origin. Placental mammals dwell{live} only, representatives of well-known sets and stems (the wolf, the fox, a hare, a wild boar, etc.) are characteristic. Compare. Neogeja and Notogeja.
  
• ARKTOS (grech. The bear), the ancient greek title of mia maid of the Major She-bear. From here - Arctic regions, Antarctica. See also Kallisto and Arcades.
  
• ARKTUR? Volopasa, an aster of null stellar magnitude, the brightest in the Sowing. Hemisphere.
  
• ARLANSKOE the DEPOSIT petroleum, in northwest of Bashkiria, within the limits of the Volgo-Ural oil-and-gas-bearing province. It is open{discovered} in 1955. Deposits on depth of 0,8-1,3 kms. Firmness of petroleum of 0,88-0,89 g / sm3, content S 2,4 - 3,6 %.
  
• HARLEQUIN CABBAGE BUG (ital. Arlecchino), the traditional character of a comedy del arte - the servant, participating in development of an intrigue; later in the French folk theatre 18 - nach. 19 centuries - the happy rival of the Pierrot.
  
• ARLETTI (Arletty; an ice-film. Name Arlett Leoni Batia, Bathiat) (1898-1992), the French film actress. Most the considerable roles has played in films of producers t. n. " Poetic realism ", in particular{personally} M.Karne (" Day starts ", 1939; " Children paradise apple ", 1944). For communication{connection} with the german officer it was pursued{chased;run} as kollaboratsionistka. In 1957 after an accident has temporarily lost sight. But in 1962 has acted in a film " the Most lengthy day ", however soon because of progressing blindness has been compelled to keep kino.
  
• ARLI (Arlit) (Arlit), large uranovorudnyj area in northwest of Niger. Major deposits: Arli, Akuta, Imuraren, Tassa-Ntagalge, etc. It is maintained with 1970. Osadochno-hemogennye deposits are submitted{shown} by lenss of sandstones. Main minerals - nasturan and koffinit. Affirmed reserves of uranium of 210 thousand t at the mean content in ore of 0,22 %. Manufacture of uranic concentrates of 3,10 thousand t in recalculation on metal (1987).
  
• ARL (Arles), city in France, in Provence, on r. Rhone. 50 thousand inhabitants (1982). Metallurgy, a machine industry, a chemical industry. By the channel it is connected to Mediterranean m. Drevnerimskie architectonic monuments, Romanesque church Sent-Trofim (the main{basic} construction - 10-11 centuries).
  
• ARMAGH, in hettskoj mythologies the godhood of the moon.
  
• ARMAVIR, city (with 1914) in the Russian Federation, Krasnodar kr., on r. Kuban. A railway junction. 162,7 thousand inhabitants (1992). A machine industry, alimentary, chemical, mild, a woodworking industry. Pedagogical institute. Theatre. A study of local lore museum. It is based in 1839.
  
• ARMAVIR, capital and the religious centre drevnearmjanskogo the states Armenias Great in 4-2 centuries up to n. e. It is based at-sight Argishtihinili. Existed{breathed} till 5 century n. e. Debris for a seconds Armavir of area Oktemberjanskogo of Armenia.
  
• ARMADA (isp. armada - fleet, a squadron) (ustar.), major connection of the co-operative ships{spacecrafts}, airplanes or tanks (napr., " the Invincible armada).
  
• ARMAJN the PAN (Armyn Pane) (1908-70), the Indonesian writer. The psychologic novel of "Shoe" (1940) about intelligency; stories, verses. Promoted development of realistic national dramatic art (the play " Artful golubka " и "Between heaven and earth", both 1953).
  
• ARMAND (Arman) Fernandez (r .1928), the French sculptor, a team member " New realists "; with 1958 lives and works in the USA. With 1960 creates assambljazhi. " Long-term parking ", a 20-meter monument from the automobiles{cars} filled with concrete is most known.
  
• ARMAND David Lvovich (1905-76), the Russian geographer, the doctor of geographycal sciences. The book " to us and grandsons " (1964) - one of first in the Russian Federation on problems of nature protection. The book " Science about a landscape " (1975).
  
• ARMAND Inessa (Elizabeth Fedorovna) (1874-1920), the figure of revolutionary movement. In 1917 member of the Moscow committee of a consignment, the participant of October breakages in Moscow, the chairman of the Moscow provincial Advice{Council} of national economy (SNH). With 1919 managing a women department of a Central Committee. In 1920 chief of 1-st International women communist conference.
  
• ARMANJAKI AND BURGINONY (Armagnacs et Bourguignons), feudal groupings in France 1-st floor. 15 century struggling among themselves for an authority in board of imbecile king Charles VI. Armanjakov headed columns Armanjak, burginjonov - the Burgundian dukes.
  
• ARMATOLY (novogrech. armatoloi, from ital. armato - the armed person), in Greece in the season{term} of osmanli domination orders internal sentinels on a service for turkish government (are built by him{it} in kon. 17 century from a part of country orders kleftov).
  
• The REINFORCEMENT (from an armour. armatura - arms, equipment), devices and component parts (valves, valves, switches, etc.), not included in the capital equipment, but ensuring his{its} normal operation. Distinguish the reinforcement pipeline, electrotechnical, furnace{oven;kiln}, etc.
  
• The REINFORCEMENT of REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS, integral constituent part of reinforced concrete constructions (steel separate rod stock, welded grids, hackberries, etc.), intended for intensifying concrete. Accepts stretching (less often compressing) gains.
  
• ARMY AVIATION, constituent part of air force of some the states; it intended for actions directly in interests of combined-arms formations. It is divided on the attack, prospecting, transport and special destination; it is armed airplanes and helicopters.
  
• The ARMY COMMISSIONER of 2-nd, 1-st rank, in 1935-42 military rank of the maximum political-military structure of Red Army and a VTR.
  
• ARMENIA (Armenia), city in Columbia, adm. ts. Department Kindio. 212 thousand inhabitants (1992). A termination Pacific. d. Center of area of manufacture of coffee. University.
  
• ARMENIA (Republic Armenia, Hajastany Hanrapetutjun), the state in the south of Transcaucasia. 29,8 thousand км2. The population of 3412 thousand person (1992), urban 69,5 %; Armenians (3084 thousand person; 1989, census), Russian, etc. 37 areas, 27 cities, 31 urban settlement (1989). Capital - Yerevan. The chief of state the president. The body of legislation - a Supreme Soviet. The official language - Armenian. Armenia - highland, takes a north-east part of the Armenian mountains framed hr. M.Kavkaza (a peak level - a mountain Aragats, 4090 м). On a southwest - intermountain plain Araratskaja. A climate continental. In piedmonts mean temperatures of July 24-26 °S, January-5 °S, a rainfall of 200-400 mm annually; in mountain areas - July 18-20 °S, January from-2 up to-14 °S, a rainfall up to 500 mm. The river Araks, an eskar. Sevan. In mountains broad-leaved forests, Alpine meadows. Reservations: Dilizhansky and Hosrovsky, etc. National park Sevan. In 9-6 centuries up to n. e. In structure of a slave state of Urartu. In 6 - nach. 2 centuries up to n. e. The Armenian kingdom under authority Ahemenidov and Selevkidov (see Armenia Great). Since 1 century up to n. e. Object of extirpation between Rome and Parfiej. In 3-4 centuries the state dependent on Iran; it separate between nymas and Byzantium. In 7-15 centuries - irruptions of arabs, byzantians, seldzhukov, the mongolo-tartar, Timur. In 16-18 centuries it separate between Iran and Turkey, people led liberation extirpation against an irano-turkish yoke. In 1805-28 Vost. Armenia is adjoined to Russia (Erivanskaja lips.) . In November 1917 authority has transfered to dashnakam, Armenia was occupied with an anglo-turkish troops. In 1920 the Soviet authority is established{installed} and derivated Armenian SSR. With 1922 entered{included} in the Transcaucasian federation, with 1936 - directly to the USSR. In August 1990 VS Armenia has accepted the decree on its{her} new title - Republic Armenia. On September, 24 1991 republics VS independence of Armenia is professed. In 1988-89 there was a conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan because of Upland Karabaha which has developed into large-scale act of war. In structure of a gross internal product (1990, %): an industry 48,3, an agriculture 25,7. Manufacture of the electric power 9,5 billion in kw? Hours (1991). Master industries: a machine industry and metal working, chemical and petrochemical, nonferrous machine industry, manufacture of a building materials, including on the basis developments of deposits of motley tuffs, perlites, limestones, granite and marble. Flavoring (including. plodokonservnaja, efirnomaslichnaja, vinno-konjachnaja, tobacco, spreading capacity of mineral waters), a light industry. The area of agricultural lands 1,3 million ga (1990). The fruit growing and wine growing have the important value; a fruit picking and berries of 156 thousand t, a grape of 144 thousand t (1990). An area under crops 437 t. ga, including grain 32 % (wheat, barley), feed crops of 58 %. A total yield of a grain 0,2 million t (1990). Cultivate a potato, vegetables, tobacco, a geranium, sugar-beet. The area of raflux agricultural lands of 305 thousand ga (1990). Animal husbandry primarily a dairy - meat direction. Operational length of railways of 640 kms (1990); general purpose motorways of 7,7 thousand in km, including hard-surface 7,7 thousand in km. A network{grid} of gas-pipes. Health resorts: Arzni, Dzhermuk, Dilizhan, TSahkadzor, etc. Monetary unit - dramas.
  
• ARMENIA GREAT, the ancient state of Armenians (6 century up to n. e. - 387). Capitals - Armavir, Artashat. Satrapija Ahemenidov; in kon. 4-3 centuries up to n. e. A do-it-yourself kingdom; on a boundary of 3-2 centuries under authority Selevkidov; with 189 up to n. e. An independent state. Bloom - 1 century up to n. e. (tsar Tigran II). Combated Rome, Iran, later with Byzantium. In 387 it separate between Persia and Byzantium.
  
• ARMENIA SMALL, historical range in verhovjah r. Euphrates. Entered{included} in the state Hettskoe, then in Other. Persia, in 322 - kon. 2 century up to n. e. A do-it-yourself kingdom (capital - Ani - Kamah). The population - ancestors of Armenians. In kon. 2 century up to n. e. Possession of the state Pontijskogo, after Roman empire. In kon. 1 century n. e. It is adjoined to Armenia Great.
  
• ARMENOIDNAJA STRAIN, peredneaziatskaja the strain, is secreted with some anthropologists in structure major evropeoidnoj strains for the population of Armenia, M.Azii's accumbent part, and also Syria. The convex ridge of the nose, an impressed nape are characteristic a heavy growth of a beard for men.
  
• ARMENOPUL Konstantin (1320-80 or 1383), the byzantian lawyer, the writer " Guidings to laws, or SHestiknizhija ".
  
• ARMENPRESS, news agency at Council of Ministers of Armenia. It is based in 1922 as branch of GROWTH (the Russian telegraphic agency), with 1925 ArmenTA (Telegraphic agency of Armenia). The modern title with 1971. An exchange text and the photoinformation with foreign press organs, a wireless, etc.
  
• "ARMENFILM" him{it}. A.Bek-Nazarov, a film studio of feature films in Yerevan (it is based in 1923). Among films: "Pepo" (1935), " the Thirteenth apostle " (1988) "is personally known" (1958), " Brothers Sarojany " (1968), "Naapet" (1977), " Snowdrops and edelweisses " (1982), " Lone oreshina " (1986), " to Troy from us " (1987).
  
• ARMENJAN (an ice-film. fam. Ipekjan) Armen Nuridzhanovich (1871-1965), the actor and the producer, the national actor of Armenia (1935). On the scene with 1891, with 1935 at the Armenian theatre him{it}. Mravjana (Leninakan).
  
• ARMINUM, the union of nations in kon. 7 century up to n. e. In Urartu. Has played a major role in ethnic formation of Armenian people.
  
• ARMINIUS (Arminius) (18 or 16 up to n. e. - 19 or 21 n. e.), the leader of the German nation heruskov. In 9 n. e. Has routed Roman army of the commander of Pitch in Tevtoburgskom to a wood.
  
• ARMINIUS (Arminius) JAkob (1560-1609), the Netherlands Protestant priest and the seminary student, the professor in Leiden (with 1603). Has acted with criticism of the calvinist doctrine about predetermining, having laid foundation motion of arminians, or remonstrants.
  
• DRESSING (from an armour. armo - I arm, I supply), intensifying of a material or parts of a design with elements (reinforcement) from other, stronger, a material (napr., intensifying of concrete by an iron fittings at manufacturing steel concrete).
  
• REINFORCED PLASTICS, plastics materials (napr., glass-reinforced plastics, asboplastiki, laminates, carbon fiber-reinforced plastics), fibrous materials keeping in the capacity of a reinforcing filler - monofilament yarns, bands, tissues, a paper, a wood veneer.
  
• ARMY (from an armour. armo - I arm), 1) set{combination} of armed forces of the state. 2) the Land forces, as against a VTR. 3) the Operating association consisting of several connections and separate parts of different service arms and a special troops. There are combined-arms, tank, air and other armies.
  
• ARMY CRAIOVA (polsk. Armia Krajowa - the Domestic army), in 1942-45 acted under a guiding of a Polish government in exile in occupied fascist Germany to Poland. The guiding of Army of Craiova has organized and started the Warsaw revolt 1944.
  
• ARMY LJUDOVA (polsk. Armia Ludowa - the National army), is based on January, 1 1944 as a result of reorganization of Guards Ljudovoj, acted under a guiding of Craiova Rads Narodovoj in occupied fascist Germany to Poland. In July 1944 it is joint with 1-st Polish army in Army Polish.
  
• ARMCO IRON (ARMCO - the reduced title of American firm American Rollin Mill Corporation), technical clear iron. Major magnetic permeability, a heightened electrical conductance, a high plasticity, rust resistance. Apply in electric machine industry and metallurgy.
  
• ARMOKAMENNYE DESIGNS, the building designs plump from reinforced (napr., steel rods) a masonry. The most widespread armokamennye designs - blankings, columns, party walls.
  
• ARMORIKANSKAJA the HIGH GROUND, in northwest of France, in Normandy and on p-ove Brittany. An altitude up to 384 m.
  
• ARMSTRONG (Аrmstrong) a Henry Edward (1848-1937), the English chemist, foreign honorary member AN the USSR (1932). Transactionses on theoretical problems of chemistry, terpenes, ferments, etc.
  
• ARMSTRONG Lui Daniel (1901-71), the American jazz trumpeter and the singer, a film actor. The Negro. The organizer of jazzes - bands (including sextet " All asters "). The writer of songs. Has created the performing style distinguished improvizatsionnoj by freedom of treatment of popular melodies, founded on traditions of a jazz and a blues.
  
• ARMSTRONG Nil (r. 1930), an astronaut the USA. Flight on "Джемини-8" (March 1966). In July "Apollo - 11" executed{designed} flight to moon 1969 commander. The first person who has stepped to moon (on July, 21 1969).
  
• ARMSTRONG Edvin Huard (1890-1954), American radio engineerings. Has developed schemes of regenerative (1913), superheterodyne (1918) and superregenerative (1921) radio receivers. Has shown advantage of frequency modulation in extirpation with radio interference.
  
• ARMJAK (turki)... 1) upper dolgopolaja raspashnaja clothes{clothing} - a robe from a rough woollen tissue or a domestic cloth wool; Russian peasants wore in past;.. 2) Armjak, or armjachina, a camel-hair cloth, izgotovljavshajasja tartars, Kazakhs, Mongols.
  
• ARMENIANS (the self-title - find fault), people, the main{basic} population of Armenia (3,08 million person, 1992). Live also in the Russian Federation (532 thousand person), Georgia (437 thousand person); the USA (700 thousand person), France (270 thousand person), Iran (200 thousand person), Syria (170 thousand person), Upland Karabahe (146 thousand person), Libya and Turkey (on 150 thousand person), etc. The Aggregate number 6,55 million person. Tongue Armenian. Believing Armenians basically christians - monofisity.
  
• The ARMENIAN APOSTOLIC CHURCH, one of ancient Christian churches. It is based by diocesan Grigorom in 301. In dogmatical and cult attitudes{relations} it is close to orthodoxy, but posledovatelnitsa monofisitstva. His{its} residence to Echmiadzin is headed by supreme patriarch - catholicos of all Armenians.
  
• ARMENIAN SOVIET ENCYCLOPEDIA (ASE), the first generalpurpose encyclopedia in the Armenian tongue. It is exhausted in 1974-87 in 13 vol. (13-th - is dedicated Armenian SSR) by Main edition ASE. The chairman of an editorial board - V.A.Ambartsumjan, the managing editor - K.S.Hudaverdjan.
  
• The ARMENIAN PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE him{it}. H.Abovjana, is based in 1922 on the basis pedagogical faculty of the Yerevan university. Plots teachers of comprehensive schools, tutors, kultprosvetrabotnikov, etc. In 1991 ok. 6 thousand students.
  
• ARMENIAN BRAND MARKS, eastern part of mountains Taurus mountains in Turkey. Length ok. 600 kms. An altitude up to 3090 m.
  
• The ARMENIAN THEATRE him{it}. G.Sundukjana, drama, is built in Yerevan in 1921. With 1960 academic.
  
• The ARMENIAN OPERA AND BALLET THEATRE him{it}. A.A.Spendiarova, is open{discovered} in Yerevan in 1933. With 1956 academic. Performances in the Armenian and Russian tongues.
  
• The ARMENIAN TONGUE, separate branch indoevropejskoj families of tongues. The official language of Armenia. The alphabet is built Mesropom Mashtotsem in nach. 5 century.
  
• The ARMENIAN MOUNTAINS, in Turkey (large part), Iran, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Ok. 400 thousand км2. An altitude up to 5165 m (B.Ararat's mountain). Combination lavovyh a plateau with separate volcanic cones and skladchato-clumpy hrebtami. Tectonic hollows often are occupied in lakes (Van, Sevan, Urmia). Mountain steppes and semideserts.
  
• The ARMENIAN LETTER, kind{view} of the acoustical letter, is applied by Armenians (in Armenia and abroad). It is built in nach. 5 century Mesropom Mashtotsem with use of some principles of the Grecian letter and, probably, severo-aramaic. It is read from left to right.
  
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• ARNALDO DE VILANOVA (Arnaldo de Vilanova) (ok. 1240 - ok. 1310), the spanish doctor, the alchemist, the philosopher. The representative of medical schools of Salerno (Italy) and Monpelje (France). The writer of many transactionses and poems " Salernskogo the code of health " (1 issuing 1480, to 1970 over 300 issuings in many tongues). It was pursued{chased;run} by inquisition.
  
• ARNARSON (Arnarson) Ingolfr, the Norwegian, the first settler in Iceland, landed ok. 874 on southwest coast of an island.
  
• ARND (Arnd) Iogann (1555-1621), the Protestant pastor, the writer - seminary student, the precursor of pietism. The writer of the composition " About true christianity ", received broad popularity and translated almost on all european tongues.
  
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