GAMSAHURDIA Zviad Konstantinovich (1939-93), the Georgian political figure, the writer. Son K.S.Gamsahurdia. With 1962 on teaching and scientific activity. In 70-80-Õ exposed to reprisals for pravozashchitnuju activity. Publications on a history of the Georgian literature and crop. Collections of verses (" Engagement of the moon ", 1989, etc.), transfers. With 1990 Chairman VS Georgian SSR, with 1991 president of Georgia. In January 1992 it is discharged of an authority as a result of armed performances of opposition.

GAMSAHURDIA Konstantin Simonovich (1891-1975), the Georgian writer, academician AN of Georgia (1944). Transformations of the Georgian village to the novel " Abduction of the moon " (t. 1-3, 1935-36), " Flowering of a vine " (1956). Historical novels " the Right hand of the great master " (1939), "David Stroitel" (t. 1-4, 1941-62). Has translated into on the Georgian tongue " the Heavenly comedy " Dante. In 30th exposed to reprisals.

GAMSUN (Hamsun) (an ice-film. fam. Pedersen, Pedersen) the Whip (1859-1952), the Norwegian writer. In psychologic novels "Famine" (1890), "Passion play" (1892), "Pan" (1894), "Victoria" (1898) has figured clamp of the personality against narrow-minded medium, the composite life of human heart, has sung of beauty and force of love. To urban life contrasted a patriarchal country way of life, close to natural cycle of a nature; in the novel " Juices of ground " (1917) vospet transactionses of the farmer. In the drama trilogy " For a gate of a kingdom " (1895), " the Game of life " (1896) and " the Vesper dawn " (1898) - nitssheanskie motives. In novels 20-30-Õ (" Women for the well ", 1920; " the Ring becomes isolated ", 1936) - motives of loneliness and feebleness of the person in the modern world. The Nobel Prize (1920).

GHANA Alexey Mihajlovich (1893-1942), the Russian artist and the theorist of art, one of master figures of constructivism, headed the most radical wing of motion, aspiring completely to substitute traditional kinds of creativity by design and kino. Especially awakely experimented in range of polygraphy and (together with wi E.Shub) a cinematograph. Emitted the log-book "Film-phot" (1922-23), " Societies of the modern architects " were the member. Has died in the reference.

GHANA Vladimir Juljevich (1876-1939), the Russian scientist, corresponding member AN the USSR (1932). Transactionses on an agricultural machine industry. It is repressed; it is rehabilitated posthumously.

GHANA (Hahn) (Hahn) Otto (1879-1968), the german radiochemist. Has discovered protactinium (together with L.Majtner), nuclear isomerism for natural radioelements; division of nucleus of uranium under action of neutrons (1938, together with F.Shtrasmanom). The Nobel Prize (1944).

GHANA (Gahn) JUhan Gotlib (1745-1818), Swedish mineralog and the chemist. In 1774 has received metal manganese, has studied his properties.

GHANA, community in Ancient India, in mythology community of godhoods.

GHANA, rannegosudarstvennoe education in Africa, has developed in 3 century in terrain Zap. Sudan, in verhovjah the rivers Niger and Senegal. The bloom in 9 - is grey. 11 centuries. In 13 century it has been conquered by the state Mali.

"GANATLEBA" ("Enlightenment"), publishing house, Tbilisi. It is based in 1957. Tutorials and the uchebno-methodical literature for mean comprehensive schools and special educational institutions.

GANGES (Ganges), the river in India and Bangladesh. 2700 kms. The area a bass. 1120 thousand êì2. Rises in a Himalaya, weeps on plain Gangskoj, runs into the Bengal hall., derivating general delta with rivers Meghna and Brahmaputra. The main inflow: Jumna, Dream, Damodar - on the right, Gomati, Ghaghra, Gandak, Mow - at the left. A summer flood; floods are often. Average discharge of water of 13 thousand m3 / with. In the lower flow - influence of marine inflows. It is navigable on 1450 kms, up to foots of the Himalayas. It is widely used for an irrigation. On Ganges - cities Allahabads, Varanasi, Patna. In delta - seaport Calcutta. On coasts of Ganges - places of religious pilgrimage (see. Ganges).

GANGES, in induistskoj mythologies the celestial river lowered on ground and becoming r. Ganges, honored by hindus sacred and being object of pilgrimage, especially in headstreams, for cities Hardvar and Varanasi, bottle-neck of a lockin r. Jumna.

GANGLION (from grech. ganglion - a unit) (nerve ganglion), anatomicheski the isolated clump of nervous cells (neurones), filaments and a tissue attending them. In a ganglion nervous signals are processed and integrated. For the person and vertebrates are located on course of large nerve cords and in walls of an internals. For Invertebrata a ganglion execute function of central nervous system.

GANGLIOBLOKIRUJUSHCHIE the MEANS, the medicinal substances infringing drive of nervous exaltation in synapses of vegetative ganglions. Apply to treatment of the diseases attending with vasospasms or an internals.

GANGLIOSIDES, natural organic compounds from group of the composite lipids. Are contained in the majority of tissues animal, especially it is a lot of in nervous cells; are part of synaptic membranes. For the person of change of quantity and structure of gangliosides result in violation of psychics.

GANGRENE (grech. gangraina), a necrosis of tissues routinely owing to a trauma or a corking of a blood vessel (napr., a blood clot) with consequent apposition of an infection. Distinguish a dry, wet (sour) gangrene, a gas gangrene, etc.

The GANGSTER (English gangster, from gang - band), the participant of gangster band engaging criminal extortion, blackmail, assassinations, kidnapping, etc.

GANGTOK, city in India, in a Himalaya, an administrative centre pieces. Sikkim. 37 thousand inhabitants (1981). A trading - traffic centre. A domestic industry. Institute tibetologii.