GUINEA UPPER, 1) natural range Zap. Africa, for Atlantic ok. And Guinean a hall. Border in a north approximately 10-12 °s. sh., on the orient - 9-10 °v. d. A large part of terrain takes Severo-guinean vozv. (an altitude up to 1948 ì). The main rivers - Niger, Volta. The wet equatorial forests, tall-grass savannahs. 2) the Title of a part of the Atlantic shore of Africa to the west from a hall. Biafra.

GUINEA LOWER, 1) natural range in Center. To Africa, between top Guinean a hall. In a north and r. Cuanza in the south. Actuates bayshore nizm. And Southern - guinean vozv. (from 700 up to 2000 ì). A park savannah. 2) the Title of a part of the Atlantic shore of Africa to the south from a hall. Biafra.

GUINEA - BISAU, Republic Guinea - Bissau (Republique da Guinee-Bissau), the state in Zap. To Africa, actuates islands Bolama and Bizhagosh. 36 thousand êì2. The population ok. 1036 thousand person (1993); balante, fulbe, malinke, mandzhak, etc. The Urban population of 19,9 % (1990). The official language - Portuguese. Ok. 60 % of believers hold on to aboriginal traditional convictions, 38 % - moslems, remaining - christians. Administrative territorial division: 8 areas and independent sector of Bissau. Capital - Bissau. The chief of state and governments - the chairman of the Council of state. The body of legislation - National public assembly. A surface - predominary lowland; in a southeast - spurs of a mountain of a plateau Fouta Djallon. A climate ekvatorialno-monsoon. Monthly mean temperatures 24-26 °S. A rainfall from 1200 up to 2500 mm annually. Tropical forests and savannahs. Three wildlife reserves. In 9 - nach. 13 centuries. The terrain Guinea - Bissau was included in rannegosudarstvennoe education Ghana, in 13-15 centuries in the medieval state Mali, with nach. 15 century in Songaj. With it is grey. On terrain Guinea - Bissau Portugueses have started to inpour 15 century. From 17 century there were some settlements of Europeans which strengthened removed slaves from terrain Guinea - Bissau. In 1879 - September 1973 colony of Portugal. Armed extirpation of peoples of Guinea - Bissau, begun with 1963 under a guiding of the African consignment of independence of Guinea and Cabo Verde (PAIGK; it is based in 1956), has reduced in professing in September of 1973 Republics Guineas - Bissaus. In 1992 the multi-party system is entered. Guinea - Bissau - economically immature agrarian country. A lobe in a runway (1991, %): an agriculture 40, an industry ok. 10. Cultivate a peanut, rice, a cotton, rubber plants; a fruit picking of wild oil-yielding and coconut palms. Animal husbandry. Fishery. Timber loggings. The enterprises wood-working, on clearing a peanut and rice, soap-producing. Railways no, length of motorways of 3,5 thousand in km (1990). Manufacture of the electric power 41 million in kw? A h (1991). Seaports: Bissau, Bolama, Kasheu. Export: a peanut, cashew nuts, wood, marine products. The main foreign trade partners: countries of European community (including. Portugal - 34 %). Monetary unit - peso.

GVINITSELLI (Guinitselli) (Guinizelli) Guido (between 1230 and 1240-76), the italian poet, an ancestor " Dolche style nuovo "; canzones and the sonnets antheming love, glorifying the person.

GVIRGVINI, log or beam pent-roof blanking of the Georgian national home unit (darbazi), storeys narrowed down up, with an escape orifice of a smoke.

GVISKAR (Guiscard), see Robert Gviskar.

GVICHCHARDINI (Guichchardini) (Guicciardini) Franchesko (1483-1540), the italian historian, the philosopher - humanist. In " the History of Italy " (1537-40, it is published 1561-64) supported national and state association of Italy in the form of federation of the states; the adherent of oligarhichesko-republican board. Criticized a latin church.

GVISHIANI Dzhermen Mihajlovich (r. 1928), the Russian philosopher and the sociologist, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1979). The main transactionses on problems of steering, social organization, the philosophical bases of systemic probes.

GVOZDEV Alexey Aleksandrovich (1887-1939), the Russian theatrologist, the literary critic. One of founders of the modern theater science. Transactionses on a history of Western-European theatre.

GVOZDEV Alexey Alekseevich (1897-1986), the Russian scientist, the honored worker of science and technique of Russia (1967), the Hero Socialist Transactionses (1971). The main transactionses on monolithic and modular reinforced concrete constructions, calculation of building designs on limiting conditions. The state premium of the USSR (1951).

GVOZDEV Mihail Spiridonovich (between 1700 and 1704 - after 1759), the Russian geodesist and the traveller. In 1732 participant of expedition on a small pot " St.. Gabriel " during which have been investigated and for the first time coasts Beringova prol are charted.

PINK, 1) a stem of grasses, it is rare subshrubs, a set of a pink family. Ok. 300 kinds, in Eurasia and Africa. Many cultivate as the decorative. Use in flower beds and for a crop. 2) Spicery from dry flower buds of a clove tree.

SEA PINKS, order of not fissured tapeworms. Length of 2-95 mm. Ok. 90 kinds. Adult sea-worms parasitize in an intestines karpoobraznyh fishes, damaging to a fish farming. Larvas live in a body maloshchetinkovyh worms.

CLOVE TREE, evergreen tree of a set of a myrtle family. Rhodinum - islands Molukkskie. It is cultivated in many tropical countries. Contains a clove oil; dry buds (pink) - spicery.

CLOVE OIL, the essential oil received from a green material and wood of a clove tree; a yellow liquid with an odor of a pink; firmness of 1,04 g / sm3. Odorous substance in perfumery, raw material for secretion of an eugenol, a repellent (from mosquitoes).

PINK FAMILY, set of dycotyledonous plants. Grasses, subshrubs, it is rare bushes. Ok. 2100 kinds (ok. 80 stems), primarily in a moderate belt of Boreal hemisphere. Many are decorative (a pink, a silene, etc.), weeds (a corn cockle, a spurrey, a sandspurry). Roots of some pink family (a soapwort, a chalk plant, etc.), keeping saponins, use in confectionery manufacture, medicine, by manufacture of fluid insecticides.

GDANSK (Gdansk), city in Poland, on Baltic m., in delta r. Vistula, an administrative centre Gdansk voevodstva. 466 thousand inhabitants (1992). The largest port of country; freight turnover ok. 20 million t annually. An international airport. Shipbuilding, electrotechnical, chemical, oil refining, a food-processing industry. University. Pomorsky a museum. Residues of urban strengthening and a harbour installations of 14-15 centuries, a church of the lady Mary (14 - nach. 16 centuries), the Main town hall (14-16 centuries), an arsenal (nach. 17 century). At home in styles of the Renaissance and Baroque. For the first time it is mentioned in kon. 10 century. In 10-13 centuries the centre East - Pomorskogo principalities. In 1793-1918 under the German domination (Danzig is called). Under the Versailles peace treaty 1919 - " Free city Danzig " under steering of League of the Nations. In 1939-45 has been occupied by Germany.

GDANSK BAY, bay in a southeast part of Baltic m. Length of 74 kms, width for an orifice of 107 kms. Depth up to 115 m. In the Gdansk bay runs r. Vistula. Primary ports: Gdynia, Gdansk (Poland), Baltiysk (Russian Federation).