HELMHOLTZ (Helmholtz) Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand (1821-94), the german scientist, foreign corresponding member Petersburg AN (1868). The writer of fundamental transactionses on physics, biophysics, physiologies, psychologies. For the first time (1847) has mathematically justified an energy conservation law, having shown his overall character. Has developed the thermodynamic theory of chemical processes, has entered concepts of loose and bound powers. Has put in pawn a fundamentals of theories of vortex motion of a liquid and an abnormal dispersion. The writer of basic transactionses on physiology of ear and sight. Has found and has measured a heat buildup in muscles, has studied process of reduction of muscles, has measured rate of propagation of nervous impulse. The adherent of physiological idealism.

HELMHOLTZ POWER (an isochoric - isometric potential, a free energy), one of potentials thermodynamic, meant F (sometimes À) and defined by a difference between an internal energy (U) and product of thermodynamic temperature (Ò) on an entropy (S): F = U - TS. System operation is peer an equilibrium isothermal change to a loss of power of Helmholtz; spontaneously such isothermal change can weep only aside reduction of Helmholtz of power.

GELMERSEN Grigory Petrovich (1803-85), the Russian geologist, the academician Petersburg AN (1850), one of organizers and the first director (with 1882) Geologic committee. The main transactionses on geology of Ural, Altai and Compare. Asia. Has constituted " the General map of mountain formations of European Russia " (1841).

HELMINTHOZOONOSES, helminthiases, which causal organisms can parasitize for the person and animal. The term is offered in 1929 Soviet helminthologists K.I.Skrjabinym and R.S.Schultz.

HELMINTHIASES, invazionnye diseases of the person, animal and the plants, called by parasitic worms - helminths (helminths). According to classes of helminths distinguish akantotsefalezy, nematodoses, trematodozy and tsestodozy.

HELMINTHOLOGY INSTITUTE him. K.I.Skryabin of Russian Academy of Agrarian Sciences, it is organized in 1931 in Moscow on the basis a department (it is based in 1920) Institute of an experimental veterinary science. Probes on extirpation with helminthiases agricultural animal and plants.

HELMINTHOLOGY (from helminths and... logija), section of the parasitology, investigator parasitic worms and the diseases (helminthiases) called by them for the person, animal and plants.

GELMINTOSPORIOZY, the blights called by parasitic fungi. Strike grain and technical crops. A stain on leaves and fruits, rotting of roots and stalks, a darkening of a germ.

HELMINTHS (from grech. helmins, a stem. Item helminthos - a worm, a helminth), parasitic worms; causal organisms of diseases (helminthiases) of the person, animal and plants. Many concern to helminths flat and pervichnopolostnye sea-worms. Helminths of the person and animal call as helminths.

GELMOLD (Helmold) (ok. 1125 - after 1177), the german missionary, the writer of " the Slavonic chronicle ", has described capture by the German feudal lords of grounds polabskih slavs, them hristianizatsiju.

GELMONT (Helmont) (Helmont) JAn the Baptist van (1579-1644), the Netherlands scientist, the prominent representative jatrohimii and a vitalism. Has entered the term "gas". For the first time has delivered experiences on study of plant nutrition.

HELSINGFORS (Helsingfors), the Swedish title of Helsinki.

GELSINGFORSSKY UNIVERSITY, see. The Helsinki university.

GELSTED (Gelsted) Otto (an ice-film. Name Ejnar Eppesen, Jeppesen) (1888-1968), the danish poet. Essentials of his lyrical, political verses and publicism - humanism, anti-fascist extirpation and Resistance movement. Collections " Perpetually things " (1920), " Emigrant verses " (1945), " Verses of a solar coast " (1961).

GELTI (Hoelti) Ludwig Genrih Kristof (1748-76), the german poet. His inheritance gathered posthumously (the collection "Verses", 1783), a number of poems is set to music by F.Shubertom.

GELFAND Izrail Moiseevich (r. 1913), the Russian mathematician, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1984). The main transactionses on a functional analysis, mathematical physics, an applied mathematics. The lenin premium (1961), the State premium of the USSR (1951, 1953).

GELFAND Izrail Moiseevich (r. 1913), the Russian mathematician, the academician of the Russian Academy of Science (1991; academician AN the USSR with 1984). The main transactionses on a functional analysis, mathematical physics, an applied mathematics. The lenin premium (1961), the State premium of the USSR (1951, 1953).

GELFERT (Helfert) Vladimir (1886-1945), the Czech historian of music. Transactionses on a history of the Czech music. The professor of university in Brno. The participant of movement of Resistance. Within 2-nd world war - in fascist concentration camp. Has died of a typhus after discharging.

GELFMAN Gesja Mironovna (between 1852 and 1855-1882), revolutionary narodnitsa. The member Kiev a mug, close to group of "muscovites", the agent of Executive committee " National will ", the participant of attempt at Alexander II 1 of March 1881. It is sentenced to transportation for life. Has died in prison.

GELFOND Alexander Osipovich (1906-68), mathematician, corresponding member AN the USSR (1939). Transactionses on a number theory and function theories.