LIAZY, a class of the ferments catalyzing negidroloticheskoe eliminating from substrates of clusters of atoms with education of an olefinic linkage, and also revertive apposition on an olefinic linkage.

LIAKAT ALI KHAN (1895-1951), one of chiefs of motion for building of Pakistan, his first prime minister (1947-51). In 1936-50 secretary general of Muslim league, with 1950 its chairman. It is killed.

LIANOZOV Stepan Georgievich (1872-1951), the Russian businessman, the petroindustrialist. One of chiefs of Russian general petroleum company ("Ojl"). After October revolution in emigration, the participant of organization "Torgprom".

LIANES, the wood and grassy climbing or curling plants using in the capacity of supports other plants, rocks, buildings and so forth. Predominary in pluviisilvaes (rattans, etc.), meet in Transcaucasia (a clematis, a dewberry, sassaparil, an ivy, etc.), in Ussuriisk kr. (a magnolia vine, an actinidia, etc.). Grassy lianes (a bindweed, etc.) are everywhere distributed. The major cultural lianes - a grape, hop plant. Some kinds are decorative.

LIARD (Lajard) (Liard), the river in Canada, the left-handed in-leak of Mackenzie. 1215 kms, the area of basin of 276 thousand êì2. Average discharge of water ok. 2500 m3 / with. It is navigable from. A fort - Liard.

LIBAVA, the official title of. Liepaja in Latvia up to 1917.

LIBAVY (Libavius) Andreas (ok. 1550-1616), the german chemist and the doctor, the representative jatrohimii. Has given the canopy of chemical knowledge of 16 century ("Alchemy", 1597), has described obtaining sulfuric acid, etc.

LIBBI (Libby) Uillard Frenk (1908-80), American fizikohimik. The participant of development gazodiffuzionnogo a way of an isotope separation of uranium. Has created a method of radiocarbon dating (1947). The Nobel Prize (1960).

LIBEDINSKY Jury Nikolaevich (1898-1959), the Russian writer. The story "Week" (1922) about the Civil war. The trilogy: " Mountains and people " (1947), "Glow" (1952), " the Morning of Advices " (1957) about events on Caucasus. Memoirs.

LIBER (an armour. Liber), in Roman mythology the ancient god of fertility; it was identified with the Grecian god of wine-making Dionisom. The triad of gods Liber, Libera and TSerera was honored in Other. Rome plebeians, in their honour on March, 17 marked a holiday liberalii.

LIBER (Goldman) Michael Isaakovich (1880-1937), one of leaders Bunda and menshevikov. The member of Central Committee RSDRP in 1907-12. In 1917 member of Executive committee Petrosoveta. After October revolution (which has met in a hostile way) has departed political activity. It is repressed; it is rehabilitated posthumously.

LIBERA (an armour. Libera), one of the major godhoods of a Roman pantheon, the bound with agriculture; women parallel Liberu, was identified with Grecian Persefonoj. Entered in a triad of gods Liber, Libera and TSerera, esteemed by plebeians.

LIBERA (Libera) Adalberto (1903-63), the italian architect. Worked in a laconic rationalistic manner (pavilions and an arc for the Exhibition of fascist revolution, Rome, 1932).

The LIBERAL (from an armour. liberalis - tangent freedom, loose), 1) in initial value - latitudinarian, the freethinker; sometimes the person, susceptible to redundant condescension. 2) the Follower and the adherent of liberalism; in more fine-bored sense - the member of Liberal party.

LIBERALISM, the ideological and political flow which arisen in european countries in 17-18 centuries and has proclaimed a principle of civil, political, economic freedom. Headstreams of liberalism - in concepts Dzh. Lock, fiziokratov, A.Smith, S.Monteskje, etc., directed against absoljutizma and feudal regulation. Ideas of liberalism the USA (1787) and Declarations of human rights and the citizen (1789) in France have received the first implementation into Constitutions. In 19 - nach. 20 centuries were formed original positions of liberalism: a civil society, rights and individual liberties, a lawful state, democratic political institutions, freedom of private business and trade. The modern liberalism (neoliberalizm) recognizes that the mechanism of an open market creates most favourable premises for efficient economic activities, regulation of social and economic processes; At the same time permanent interference of the state is necessary for maintenance of normal conditions of operation of the market, a competition. In kon. 20 century descend rendezvous of ideas of liberalism, conservatism and a social democracy.

LIBERAL PARTY of the Great Britain, has developed in is grey. 19 century on the basis of a consignment vigov. Till 1920th one of two (alongside with Conservative) master consignments of country, then has given up the place to the Labour party. In 1988 it was aggregated with Social Democrats in the Consignment of sotsial-liberal democrats.

The LIBERAL - DEMOCRATIC PARTY of JAPAN, is based in 1955. The chairman of a consignment - K.Mijadzava (with 1991).

" LIBERAL BUREAUCRATS ", in the historical literature the title of group of the Russian maximum officers, the bound with grand duke Konstantin Nikolaevichem and great princess Elena Pavlovnoj (N.A.Milyutin, J.A.Solovjev, A.V.Golovnin, K.K.Grot, etc.).

LIBERAL POPULISTS, participants of social movement in Russia 2-nd floor. 19 century, socialists, adherents of nonpredatory social-political reforms (N.F.Danielson, V.P.Vorontsov, etc.).