PERSONS OF DUAL NATIONALITY (from bi... And grech. polis - citizens, the state), the same, that bipatridy.

BIR (Moldavian - a tribute, the tax), in Moldova household to file from peasants (from 15 century), and also a tribute of Turkey and the tax on subarches to the anthurus to 16-18 centuries.

BIR (Bier) August (1861-1949), the german surgeon. Has offered a method of a synthetic hyperemia for treatment of inflammatory contagions, a method of a spinal anaesthesis (1901). Transactionses on osteal a plastic, to treatment of wounds of vessels, a tuberculosis.

BIRA, the river on the Far East the Russian Federation, the left-handed in-leak{influx} of Amur. 261 kms, the area of basin 9580 êì2. Average discharge of water 107 m3 / with.

BIRBOM (Beerbohm) Maks (1872-1956), the English prose writer, the popular artist - caricaturist. The book of short stories of " Seven men " (1919), collections of an essay and notes " And even today " (1920), " Infinite flock " (1928), etc.; numerous literary parodies.

BIRGER Boris Georgievich (r. 1923), the Russian artist, bordered on to " informal art ", prolonging traditions of symbolism. Wrote constrained cloths on tint, proniknutye mild internal glowing. Special popularity his{its} portraits of figures of spiritual opposition have received, writers, - A.D.Saharova, J.M.Daniel, B.S.Okudzhavy, etc., also written in "samosvetjashchejsja" to a manner.

BIRGER JARL (Birger Jarl) (?-1266), the governor (jarl) Sweden in 1248-66; from dynasty Folkungov. Has headed a marching of Swedes against Novgorod (a defeat in the Neva battle 1240) and a marching against the Finnish nations (1249), terminated seizure of a part of their terrain.

BIRGITTA (Birgitta) Swedish (1303-73), Christian mistik, the foundress of the religious order which was become popular across all Europe. With 1350 vein in Rome. Memory{remembrance} in the Latin church on July, 23 and on October, 8.

BIRD (Beard) CHarlz Austin (1874-1948), the American historian, one of osnovatelej an economic direction in historiography the USA. Transactionses on a history the USA.

BIRENDRA BIR BIKRAM the CHECK the MAIDEN (r. 1945), king of Nepal with 1972.

EXCHANGE, in Saint Petersburg on scape Vasiljevskogo of an island; a monument of the architecture of Russian classicism (1805-10; it is open{discovered} in 1816, architect Z.Toma de Tomon). Nowadays the Central marine museum. The structure by the way periptera on the high pedestal, surrounded with a Tuscan collonnade, has logged on bands of city core.

EXCHANGE (goll. beurs, a nem. Borse), the form of regularly operational wholesale market, the goods sold under standards and samples (commodity exchange), valuable papers (stock exchange) and a foreign exchange (currency market), and also a labour (labour exchange). The commodity exchange masss a wholesale revolution on mass, basically raw and to articles of food (non-ferrous metals, a grain, a cotton, Saccharum, etc.). Distinguish generalpurpose and specialized (on commodity items or their groups) commodity exchanges. On official stock exchanges tradings in stocks and shares only the large companies are supposed; in many countries there are informal stock exchanges where any valuable papers revert. Exchange members are divided on brokers and dealers. The exchange establishes{sets} standards on the exchange goods, a price level (quotation) on the goods and valuable papers, analyzes the conjuncture a supply and demand, distributes a business data.

BIRZHAJ (Birzai) (up to 1917 official title of Exchange), city in Lithuania, for an eskar. SHirvenos, on r. Apashchja. A depot. 16,4 thousand inhabitants (1991). Textile (predominary linen), a food-processing industry. Close - balneal health resort Likenaj. It is known with 1589.

" EXCHANGE SHEETS ", the moderately - liberal newspaper 1880-1917, Saint Petersburg, with 1885 daily. Seated the exchange commercial information.

EXCHANGE COMMITTEES in Russia, about 1816 stationary values elected bodies at exchanges, one of forms of " representative organizations " bourgeoisies. To 1917 - 101 exchange committee. After February revolution have come in the All-Russia commercial and industrial union.

EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS, cash at which transfer of stock, the goods and payment of money are committed at once or in the nearest 2-3 days, and urgent at which these operations are committed through fixed time (routinely within the limits of a month). See. Deport, the Carryover.

BIRZE (Birze) (an ice-film. fam. Berzinsh) Miervaldis (r. 1921), the Latvian writer. In 1941-45 prisoner of german concentration camp. The anti-fascist story " And podo ice the river flows " (1957), the satirical story " the Pink elephant " (1976), the collection of stories " On coasts of two seas " (1978), memoirs " Memories, memories... " (1968), " With crane birds a wedge " (1984), plays.

BIRZULA, the title Kotovsk up to 1935.