BRONCHIAL ASTHMA, see. An asthma bronchial.

BRONCHIOLES, final smallest branchings of bronchuses in pulmonary slices, free of a cartilage and passing in alveolar courses of lungs.

BRONCHITIS, disease of a respiratory organs of the person and animal with a defeat of a wall of bronchuses. For the person distinguish a bronchitis acute and chronic. Attributes: tussis with a sputum, a fervescence, a short wind. Principal causes: infections, professional a harmfulness, smoking, refrigerating.

BRONCHADENITIS, inflammation of intrathoracic lymphonoduses (is more often at turebkuleze).

BRONCHOGRAPHY, method of a X-ray inspection trachea and bronchuses after introduction in them of radiopaque substance.

BRONCHOPNEUMONIA, the same, that a focal pneumonia.

BRONCHOSCOPY (from bronchuses and... skopija), research technique of wind - pipes with the help of a bronchoscope (a metal tube with optical and lighting systems) which introduce through companies into a trachea and bronchuses.

BRONSTEIN David Ionovich (r. 1924), the Russian chess player, the international grandmaster (1950), the deserved master of sport (1951). The participant of a world-title match from M.M.Botvinnikom (1951), tournaments of claimants (1950, 1953, 1956). The champion of the USSR (1948-49).

BRONJAR (Brongniart), the French scientists, father and the son: 1) Alexander (1770-1874), the geologist, the member Parisian AN (1815). Has entered concept about managing minerals and promoted building of a paleontologic method in a stratigraphy. With 1800 director Sevrskoj of porcelain factory where has organized a museum of ceramics... 2) Adolf Teodor (1801-76), botanik, foreign corresponding member Petersburg AN (1829). Transactionses on an embryology, physiologies, a taxonomist of plants, paleobotanics.

The ARMOUR, protective equipment of people, combat material, arms, shore fortifications from influence of a different means of a defeat. It is produced from steel, and also from high-strength aluminium alloys, plastics materials, etc. Distinguish bullet-proof and protivosnarjadnuju the armour.

BROSNAN (Brosnan) Peirce (r. 1952), the English film actor. After roles in films " Long good Friday " and "Lawn-mower" has become famous as the alternate initiator of a role of the superspy 007 Jamess Bonda (" the Golden eye ", 1995, producer M.Campbell).

DUMPING, see. Dumping.

BROSSE (Brosset) Maries Ivanovich (Goosefoot Felisite) (1802-80), the Russian historian, the academician Petersburg AN (1838). The native of France, in Russia with 1836. Transactionses on archeology and histories of Georgia and Armenia 5-18 centuries, histories of the Georgian and Armenian literature and tongue.

BROUVER (Brouwer) À., see Brouwer And.

BROUDE Vladimir Lvovich (1924-78), Russian physics, the doctor of physical and mathematical sciences (1963). Transactionses on spectroscopy of a solid, predominary molecular crystals. Has conducted a cycle theoretical and experimental researches of excitons in crystals. The lenin premium (1966).

BROWN (Brown) (Brown) Robert (1773-1858), English botanik, foreign corresponding member (1826) and the honorary member (1827) Petersburg AN. Has described a nucleus of a plant cell and a structure of a seedbud. Has placed{installed} the main{basic} distinctions{differences} between gymnosperm and pokrytosemennymi plants (1825), has discovered a Brownian movement (1827).

BROWN (Browne) Ð., see Brown R.

BROWNS Peter Ivanovich (1852/53-1927), the Russian meteorologist, one of founders of an agrometeorology, corresponding member AN the USSR (1925; corresponding member Petersburg AN with 1916, corresponding member Russian AN with 1917). Has entered (1910) concept of a "outside" (geographycal) environment of the Earth.

BROWNIAN MOVEMENT (braunovskoe motion), random motion of ultimate particles, fluidized in a liquid or gas, under influence of impacts of molecules of an environment; it is open{discovered} by R.Brounom.

BROWN - SEKAR (Brown-Sequard) Charles (1817-94), the French physiologist and the neurologist. The main{basic} transactionses on physiology and a pathology of central nervous system. Probeed physiology of the endocrine glands, "rejuvenating" action on an organism of the person of an extract from seed plants animal.