The "ORIENT", the Russian polar station in area of Austral geomagnetic pole in Vost. To Antarctica, at the altitude 3488 m, in 1250 kms from a coast. Works since December 1957. A cold pole of the Earth (ok.-90 °S). It is called in honour shljupa the "Orient".

The "ORIENT"... 1) a series of single-seat spacecrafts for flights on an earth orbit. Under the program "Orient" the capability of outer-space flight of the person was studied, scientific both biomedical probes and technical experiments were conducted. The "Orient" will consist of a descent vehicle and an equipment compartment with a braking propulsion system. Maximum mass of "Orient" 4,73 t. With 1961 on 1963 have committed flights of 6 ships{spacecrafts} "Orient" with 6 astronauts. The maiden flight of the person in cosmos is carried out (J.A.Gagarin, 1961), for the first time is accomplished formation flying two spacecrafts (A.G.Nikolaev, P.R.Popovich, 1962) and the first outer-space flight of woman (V.V.Tereshkova, 1963).... 2) 3-stepwise the carrier rocket for start of spacecrafts; on all stages{steps} liquid fuel is used.

The ORIENTS (an ice-film. fam. Ostenek) Alexander Hristoforovich (1781-1864), the Russian philologist, the poet, the academician Petersburg AN (1841). The explorer Russian tonic stihoslozhenija, monuments of old slavic writing, grammar slavonic, including Russian, tongue, has put in pawn a fundamentals of comparative slavonic linguistics in Russia. For the first time has emited " Ostromirovo gospels " (1843).

ORIENTAL STUDIES (orientalistika), set{combination} of the scientific disciplines investigator a history, economy, tongues, the literature, ethnography, art, religion, philosophy of countries of the Orient. Inside oriental studies there were regional branches (napr., arabistika, sinologija, indologija).

ORIENTAL STUDIES INSTITUTE of Russian Academy of Science (IVRAN) (in 1960-70 - Institute of peoples of Asia), the research establishment investigator a history, economy, the literature, crop, tongues of countries of the Orient. It is based in 1930 in Leningrad on the basis the Asian museum and some other vostokovedcheskih research establishments. With 1950 in Moscow; has branch in Saint Petersburg.

EASTERN ASIA, the part of Asia adjoining to Quiet ok. In moderate, subtropical and tropical belts from 20 up to 60 °s. sh. Mountains in combination to broad plains. A climate monsoon. A natural vegetation - in a north broad-leaved and mixed forests, in the south subtropical and tropical. Actuates eastern areas of the Russian Federation and China, Japan, KNDR and Republic Korea.

EASTERN WAR 1853-56, see. The Crimean war 1853-56.

EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE, see. Byzantium.

EASTERN RUMELIJA, the autonomous region (main Plovdiv) in structure of Ottoman empire, is built in terrain Juzh. Bulgaria the solution of the Berlin congress 1878. As a result of popular uprising in September 1885 Bulgaria is reunified with the principality.

EASTERN SIBERIA, eastern part of Siberia from Yenisei up to hrebtov a pacific watershed. The area 7,2 million êì2. The large part is occupied in Central Siberian plateau. In a north - a strip of lowlands, in the south - mountains JUzh. Siberia, on the orient - the JAno-Kolyma mountains. See also Siberia.

EAST - AUSTRALIAN MOUNTAINS, see Major Water-partite backbone.

EAST - AUSTRALIAN WRINKLED GEOSYNCLINAL BELT, pozdnedokembrijskij-paleozoic wrinkled belt, part of the Pacific geosynclinal belt. Reaches{extends;stretchs} from eastern part p-ova Cape York peninsula in a north up to about. Tasmania in the south inclusively, on 3500 kms at width of 1500 kms.

EAST - AUSTRALIAN FLOW, warm current Quiet ok. For eastern coast of Australia; branch JUzh. Trade current.

The EAST - AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM, system of large resets{drops} and grabens (riftov) Vost. Africa, Red m. and Adenos a hall. Has arisen in Mesozoic - a Cenozoic as a result of cracking large continental units; the intensive pullet{young man} volcanism and seismicity are characteristic. The strip of lakes is connected to the East - African rift system (Tanganyika, Rudolf, Njasa, etc.).

The EAST - GREENLAND FLOW, cold flow Arctic ok. For eastern coast of Greenland. Follows from a north on the south; the year round bears ice Arctic a bass., in summer months - icebergs.

EASTERN SAMOA (Eastern Samoa), possession the USA in Quiet ok., in eastern part arh. Samoa. 197 êì2. The population of 52,8 thousand person (1993), primarily Polynesians. The official language - English. Protesters believing primarily. Adm. ts. - Pago Pago. Manufacture and export of canned fish and copras. Monetary unit - US dollar.

The EAST EUROPE RAMP (Russian ramp), dokembrijskaja a ramp occupying large part Vost. And part Zap. Europe. The base exudes on the Baltic board and the Ukrainian mass; the major structures are also anteklizy (Byelorussian, Voronezh, Volgo-Ural), syneclises (Baltic, Moscow, Prikaspijskaja) and avlakogeny (Dneprovsko-Donetsk, Central Russian, etc.).