VOLF Ferdinand Bogdanovich (1796 or 1797-1854), the decembrist, the headquarters - doctor. The member of the Austral society. It is convicted on 20 flying of penal servitude. With 1827 in Nerchinskih mines, with 1835 on a settlement in Irkutsk lips., Tobolsk.

VOLF (Wolf) Fridrih (1888-1953), the german writer, the public figure. In 1933-45 in anti-fascist emigration. The organizer and outstanding predstavitl german revoljutsionno-proletarian theatre: plays "Potassium cyanide" (1929), " Mariners from Katarro " (1930), etc. Anti-fascist plays "Professor Mamlok" (1934, production in the USSR in 1938), "Floridsdorf" (production and the issuing 1935), stories. A comedy " the Burgomaster Anna " (1949, it is issued in 1950), historical tragedy "Thomas Mjuntser" (1953).

VOLF Fridrih Avgust (1759-1824), the german philologist - klassik, the teacher, the member Berlin AN (with 1808). In transactionses " the Museum of sciences about antiquities " (1807-10) has stated comprehension of philology as overall antikovedenija - do-it-yourself science about antiquity with the generalpurpose historical and cultural program and has offered system of classical education for the Prussian grammar schools, rendered in 19 century influence on high school of many countries. Has laid foundation to a homeric problem (see. Gomer).

VOLF FIGURE (it is meant W), the characteristics (index) of solar activity: W = f+10g, where f - total number of sun-spots, g - figure of the groups derivated by them observed on the Sun at present of time. Volf the figure is entered by R.Volf (1848).

VOLFEN (Wolfen), city in Germany, ground Saxony - Anhalt. 43,7 thousand inhabitants (1991). Manufacture of kino and photographic materials (combine ORVO), dyes, chemical fibers, etc.

VOLFKOVICH Seeds Isaakovich (1896-1980), the Russian chemist - technologist, academician AN the USSR (1946), one of organizers of an industry of fertilizers and insectofungicides. The state premium of the USSR (1941). A golden medal him{it}. M. Century of Lomonosov AN the USSR (1977).

TUNGSTEN (an armour. Wolframium), W, a chemical element of VI group of a periodic system, atomic number 74, atomic weight 183,85. The title from german Wolf - the wolf and Rahm - cream (" the wolf foam "). Light grey metal, most high-melting of metals, firmness of 19,3 g / sm3, tïë 3380 °S. On air at routine temperature it is resistant. Main minerals - wolframite and a scheelite. A component of heat resisting glass-hard steels (tool{instrument}, fast-cutting) and alloys (pobedit, a stellite, etc.); the clear tungsten is used in the electrical engineer (a filament of lamp bulbs) and radio electronics (cathodes and anodes of electronic devices).

TUNGSTEN BACKGROUND ESHENBAH (Wolfram von Eschenbach) (ok. 1170 - ok. 1220), the german poet - minnezinger. The sermon of religious redemption in poetic tale of chivalry "Parsifal" (1198-1210; R.Wagner like opera).

TUNGSTENS CARBIDE, WC, grey crystals, at 2720 °S is decomposed. The basis{fundamentals} of cermet hard-facing alloys; it is used for doping steels, at manufacturing elements of crown bits.

TUNGSTENS OXIDE, WO3, lemon yellow crystals; tïë 1470 °S. Does not solve in water. An intermediate product in manufacture of a tungsten, wolframates, a yellow pigment for ceramics and glasses, the catalyst of hydrogenation and cracking of hydrocarbon.

WOLFRAMATES, salt tungstic acids (napr., Í2WO4). Na2WO4 use in manufacture of pigments. CaWO4, BaWO4 and MgWO4 - luminophores. Wolframates of rare-earth elements - components of laser materials.

WOLFRAMATES NATURAL, group of minerals, tungstates Í2WO4. The basis{fundamentals} of structure - octahedrons [WO6] and tetrahedrons [WO4]. The main{basic} minerals - wolframite and a scheelite. Meet in pnevmatolitovyh and hydrothermal deposits.

WOLFRAMITE, mineral of group of wolframates, (Fe, Mn) [WO4]. Impurity{additives}: Zn, Mg, Ta, Nb, etc. Versions: gjubnerit Mn [WO4], reddish colour, firmness of 7,2 g / sm3; ferberit Fe [WO4], black colour, firmness of 7,6 g / sm3. Hardness 5-5,5. Meets in grejzenah and high-temperature hydrothermal cable cores, stream gravels. The main{basic} ore of a tungsten.

TUNGSTEN ORE. Main minerals: wolframite, a scheelite, gjubnerit. Minimum percentage WO3 in ore of 0,4-0,5 %. The main{basic} impurity{additives}: Sn, Mo, Be, Au, Cu, Pb and Zn. Main getting{procuring} foreign countries - the USA, Republic Korea, Bolivia, Thailand, Canada, Australia.

WOLFSBURG (Wolfsburg), city in Germany, ground the Lower Saxony. 129,2 thousand inhabitants (1991). A car factory of firm " Volkswagen ", sewing, a canning industry.

VOLJUMORETSEPTORY (from frants. volume - volume and receptors), sensing nerve terminations in different organs and the blood vessels, responding{reacting} to a stretching of their walls.

VOLUNTARISM (from an armour. voluntas - will; the term is entered by F.Tennisom in 1883)... 1) a direction in the philosophy, construing will in the capacity of the maximum principle of life. The voluntarism is characteristic for philosophy of Augustine, John Dunsa Skota, etc. As the do-it-yourself direction for the first time was issued for Schopenhauer.... 2) the Activity which is not reckoning with objective attitudes, defined by the arbitrary solutions of faces executing her{it}.